DPS

In the picture there is fully closed gravitational machine.
- Machine has pressure shields in all around low gravitation lifter tube.
- Then it has ports, that limits entrance to low gravitation tube.
- Possible that machine needs holes at the top for leaking the flow pressure out from the tube.

Gravitation seems to work so, that
- pressure reduces the drag and increases rotation.
- thick solid material reduces drag and slows down rotation.
- pre estimation is that pressurized liquid would be more efficient than gas.

Conversion from drag to rotation with pressure is obviously more efficient way to build shields, than thick material.

Gravitational drag in rotational field could be created with increased macro level pressure and by increasing the density of the atom mesh.
If so, gravitational drag is born almost automatically, when you a build spacecraft or space construction with oxygen and ventilation.

Gravitational power plant can be used as primary power plant. It produces the same power all day and year long.

Gravitational and rotational machine is different from the others in efficiency. As long as the low gravitation tube or silo drops the weigh more than the move in and out takes, everything is okay. You can build as many silo systems as you wish, you can also run the system as many times per minute as you wish.

Calculations

Calculations are based on high gravity and low gravity tubes G constants. In unshielded high gravity tube G is 9,81.
Average speed in shorter un-shielded drop tube is G/2. In long tube air resistance slows down the speed.

If you have 10 meter silo and 1 000 kg weighs. If the silo drops the weight to 800 kg, and move side ways takes 1 000 N, system works.
- You need 10 meter * 800 kg * 9,81 m/s = 78 480N + 1 000N = 79 840N.
- With a drop you get 98 100 N and the surplus per round is 19 620N.

A 10m tube rotates once in 2 seconds, when so
- vehicle power is around 10 kW
- electric power for one tube is 3600 * 10 kW = 36 MWh.
- 1 GWh nuclear radiator replacement needs 30 tubes and 30m x 30 m² building for the plant.

If you build a low gravity elevator into house, you might also want to build a gravitational power plant into the building. 

When you look at the R&D fees, you should keep in mind, that without R&D power solutions you would be short on power and soon also out of oil and everything else.

Functionality

There is a small chance, that flow-pressure is steady. 
But in principle force that initiates rotation must have direction.
In order to have a direction force must move. 

Since we are talking about brand new thing, that goes below macro level,
macro level physics is not necessarily valid at flow level.

5th October 2019 : According to unconfirmed rumors, shields and machine are already confirmed to functional and possible...

- - - -

Besides space crafts, the gravitational machine could be used for powering big and high ships.
You need the gravitational and rotational machines soon after Mars. After Mars it doesn't take long after sunbeam power falls into marginal levels. It is important to check how warm planets cores are after solar power dies. Cores can be or rather should be hot like hell, after solar power falls into insignificant levels.
Space traveling and exploration needs also special version from electromagnetic battery. Battery that works in very low and very high temperatures. In the space you always travel in direct sunlight. Probe that examines sun and stars needs space lift tech. 

The artificial gravity you planned for space hotel can turn out to be a natural gravity.
According to current estimations, when you add pressure and atom density, it can result into a conversion from rotation to gravity. If such happens, the floors in space hotel are always closest to earth. When you leave earth's rotational field, the floors are closest to sun.  
And in interstellar space, floors are closest to Sagittarius A or the rotation center of our universe.

Are we ready for the first intergalactic crusade ?
Designs are ready, machines are missing.
We know that it possible to enter interstellar space and that communications work.

How fast you can travel in space ?
There is sound barrier like flow barrier. In principle it is possible to travel faster than flow. But it is not necessarily as easy as breaking the sound barrier.

In crust cooler holes gravity grows with depth. With proper cooling, you dig tunnels through earth, and go near the core and center.
A tunnel that goes below crust is dangerous. It collapses easily. A tunnel network disturbs gravitation and rotation. Gravitation inside the crust is so big, that you cannot get any advantage from the tunnel network.

 

Might be possible to build machine with one tube. Move the shields sideways instead of pistons.

- - - -

System where you pressurize the shields is obviously inefficient, possible that you need more energy to pressure creation than you get with the machine.

Can use such adjustable system in every where else but in energy creation and power plants.

With combustion collector you can collect wasted heat from combustion engine. Fully utilized collector cools the block with copper rods. Rods are lead into air space above or at the sides of the engine. The air space has gas exchange system, you cool the copper rods in air space. So, that you lead cold air into one combustion chamber. Then you wait until the pressure and piston raises. After piston have reached the top, you open the chamber. Let the warm air go out and take cool air into the chamber.

The old picture on the right shows one way to build the collector into exhaust manifold. Without copper rods.

Copper is the most efficient heat conductor of all. Known losses from copper conducted cooling system in laptop computers are known to be small.

When you replace the water channels in the block with copper rods, you can increase and adjust the block's temperature freely. It is not very difficult to improve head caskets capability to handle higher temperatures. You can measure the temperatures at cylinder walls and keep them at 300-400 C.

With aluminum's, iron cast's and copper's heat conductivity factors you can calculate estimations for cooling. Unit of heat conductivity is W/m. The speed of flow is 1 m/s. 

There aren't tables for the different directions. Heat and cold forwards differently in sideways, up and down. Cold goes fastest downwards, heat upwards.

Calculations

Calculations begin from cylinder. You divide heat from firing to exhaust manifold and block. 

Firing stroke is the only one, that increases the heat in the block. In principle you can use general table for calculating the heat, that goes to iron block and aluminum head. Table could be rpm-area based. Walls are hit by standard temperature, volume and diameter are insignificant.

In block you move the heat from cast iron and aluminum to copper system. From copper system you go to combustion collector's chamber. In principle, you can go from cylinder directly to chamber. Ignore the transfer system, replace it with general leak factor. Table could be length based. Loss per mm or something like that.

If you have difficulties with rods, you can make them hollow and lead cool air into them.
Water cooling cools the block with rod like bi-directional system. Long rods can produce some problems.

- - - -

In exhaust manifold, you can place the copper-made heat transfer system in to pipe. You get almost directly into collector.
You can use small copper pipe system in the exhaust pipe for collecting the heat. Pipe system needs electric turbo, with what you create vacuum into head and it's exhaust channels. 

The volume of the uncompressed air doubles, when temperature raises from 20C to 400C.
It means, that max compression ratio for freely aspirated collector is around 2:1.

Uncompressed volume is reversed from the density at certain temperature.
When density falls from 1.225 to 0.5238 volume grows from 1 m³ to 2.33 m³.

Due to heat conductivity chambers should be wide and low.
Wide-low chamber allows you to use bigger area for copper and heating the air, too.

At combustion chamber 1 kg air needs around 0.8 kJ for raising the temp with 1C.

Theoretical maximum power for the collector is enormous, it is over 2 times bigger than measured engine power.

Every horsepower you get with add-on collector and collector that doesn't disturb gas exchange is gained horsepower.
Interference to gas exchange can lead to gains and losses, both.
- It is always very easy to ruin and damage the vacuum system, that empties the cylinders. 

Piston-rod system for exhaust pipe

With picture like continuous piston-rod system you can collect heat from exhaust pipes.
System suits to motorcycles, tractors and others with external pipe. System silences the sounds.
Sound of the exhaust pipe comes from pressure peaks, which are born when you open outlet valve.

Combustion collector is 3 stroke system.
- Suck cool air into cylinder
- Warm and expand the cool air.
- Push the warmed and expanded air out from the cylinder.

There are various ways to build 3 stroke system.
The best system is dependent on the way, you build copper collector system for cylinders.

You should never compress the air with pistons. It always results into poorer collection efficiency.
Charged system should create vacuums and cold into cylinders.

It is possible to rotate an axle along side the exhaust pipe. Rotated axle needs push plates.
- Push plates are dragged away, when the piston plate comes.
- Without body-mounted push plates the rotator system is inefficient.
- With push plates, you can construct 3 stroke system into each cylinder.
- With 3 piston plates, you get 3 compartments to cylinder.
- You don't have to use the whole round or ring for running the system.

Pressures in combustion collector are rather low, sealing is not a big problem.

Shared combustion chamber is possible. Don't know how good it is.
- Just like gravitational machine, combustion collector is brand new machine.
- Low compression ratio can cause some problems.

Besides vehicles, collector suits to power plants, chimney's and others.

Temperature is a quality or property of an atom, compound and material. Temperature moves with the object. When so, the temperature and heat energy must be stored into object.

Collector uses heat for increasing the pressure-volume system's energy. With piston crankshaft system, you get kinetic energy from pressure system.

Collector is very quiet, much like steam engine.

You can use steam locomotives double direction cylinders in the collector.

Steam locomotive's cylinder is pushed all the time, from both directions.

- - - -

In the cylinder
- displacement volume gets heat from firing to the time outlet valve is opened. Same goes to the top of the piston.
- compression volume gets heat with pistons movement.

From the table you can see, that copper is 4 000 times better heat conductor than water and 15 000 times better than air. Copper doesn't need pumping like water and air. Heat moves in copper faster than in pumped water.

- - - -

Cast iron needs around 0.45 KJ for 1C hike per kg. Aluminum needs 0.90 kJ and copper 0.38 kJ for the same hike. 

Cast iron is not very efficient heat conductor. Aluminum is almost as good conductor as copper.

You can calculate the mass of iron and aluminum in between the rods and cylinder.

- - - -

Heat energy contents is always calculated with relative values.
The energy comes from the change to the randomly selected zero point.

The energy contents is calculated with heating factor.

Heat losses come from the radiated heat, the object spreads to surroundings. Radiated heat downgrades object's energy contents and increases surrounding content.

The loss should be related to objects and surroundings heat conductivity. There is a maximum speed, object can transfer heat from the center to sides. Then there is a speed, with what the surroundings can suck the heat to itself.

- - - -

Humidity's - microscopic water drops - meaning to climate shows also in the table. Water can absorb lots of heat.
- When cubic meter air weighs 1.3 kg, one cubic meter water weighs a ton.
- When humidity is 5% there is 1.24 kg air and 50 kg water in the air.

Combustion collector reduces the manmade heat load to the climate. It drops traffic's oil consumption quite a lot.

Rotating system

In this picture you see one way to build rotating system.

In the upper picture you perform both suck and push strokes for the cylinder.

In the lower picture you continue push of the hot air, but you close the inlet valve and start to warm the cold air.

Picture misses lower cylinder and second piston plate. 

Push plates must be dragged to their holes, for the time piston plates passes the push plates.

Outlet hole is open all the time.

Possible that power creation needs three cylinders per roller unit. Power creation reduces the size of the expansion volume. Drop from 2.3 to 2.0 is not necessarily enough. Also possible to close the inlet valve open after the mid point. Not at the mid-point like in the picture.

Sealing of the plates is nothing like wankel, you can use as thick plates as needed.

System's efficiency is about the same than 4-strokers. Better than gas turbines and 2-strokers.
System suits also for converting gas or liquid flow into rotation.

In principle you should build at least two rollers per unit. When another fills the cylinder, another expands.
If you create electricity with the system, you might want to build small generators to each unit.

You can use pressure sensors for adjusting the inlet valve. Balancing a set of units, with variable heat load and power production capability.

System starts the warming and heat-transfer right after you open the inlet valve.

With plates height and rollers effective diameter, you can adjust the constructional speed.

System is one of the best ways to build a collector.

Tube-Rod system can be made with the same principle. Tube needs inlet and outlet valves at the both ends of the tube. But it doesn't need movable push plates. You need also at least 2 tubes per unit. 

Copper's heat expansion factor is 16.8, cast iron's is 11.8 and aluminum's 23.8. In cast iron copper rods need solution and space for expansion. In aluminum rods to be pushed toward warmer side. When compared to solids, liquids and gases are typically very poor heat conductors. Best would be, if you had two rods and copper compounds, one for cast iron and another for aluminum.

It is possible to lead hot outlet air ( hot air in general ) to a separate copper exchanger-roller system. Lead the hot air to copper exchanger from the outside. Cool down the outer hot air with cool inner air.

Collector is environmentally safe. It only warms the used air. But it tends to burn the dirt, whose flashpoint is below operating temperature. Typical operating temperature is 300C - 400C.

Air spaces

The collector consumes quite a lot of air. One kiloWatt needs one cubic meter air per second. 200 kW collector power needs 200 cubic meters per second.

One round per second is 60 rpm. The rotating speed grows with engine's heat losses. If the idle rpm is 600, the required volume for the one kilo watt system is 0.1 m³ or 100 liters. If you have 1.5 x 2.0 meter area ( at the bottom plate ) for the collector, the height is 0.1 / ( 1.5 * 2.0 ) = 0.033 m or 3.3 cm.

Turbo rolls over 20 000 rpm speed. It is also the verified max rpm for the collector. In sample system the power at max rpm is around 34 kW or 50 hp.

In for example motorcycle you need high rpm system for saving the space. The rotating speed is dependent on the amount copper exchanger area at the cylinder and also the depth of cylinder. It is possible to use connected copper axles for improving the heat exchange.

Due to huge air consumption, collector can be used for cleaning city air. It is even more efficient air cleaner than properly filtered combustion engine.

The bottom plate collector can be used for improving the strength of passenger compartment. The collector is full of small hollow beam structures. Then the collector almost automatically improves bottom's aerodynamics. So you get quite a many good things from the increased weight.

Machine powered tubes

The collector brings very efficient machine powered tubes into vehicles. These powered tubes work in ground vehicles and city speeds, too. These tubes respond to the speed.

In ships you get a machine powered tube system for reducing air resistance. 

Copter car, copter, plane and air ship with combustion collector flies with almost nothing. In planes the inlets and outlets for the machine powered tubes can be placed freely.

Collector doesn't fit into jet. Jet needs warm air behind the engine. Warm air increases the volume and gives push plate for the engine. With new propels it is possible to replace part from the jets with propel-combustion engine systems. With new propel it should be possible to reach both flying altitudes and speeds of the current jet airliners. Last 4-engine propel cruisers flew with 600 km/h speed. Jet airliner flies with 800-900 km/h speed.

Tube system for cars and ground vehicles

You could made the collectors so, that the cool-warm air system forms a tube to the vehicle. At city speeds, motorized tube works so that it creates vacuums in front of the vehicle. The vacuum sucks the vehicle forwards.

You should also build air intakes so, that they take air from the front of the vehicle. Air inlet is another machine powered tube system. Machine powered tube works independently from the speed.

500 cc cylinder with 8:1 compression ratio sucks 8x0,5 liters = 4 liters air during two rounds. 2 liter engine sucks 16 liters in two rounds. At 2000 rpm engine sucks 16 000 liters air per minute and 0.26 m³ in second. 2 x 1.5 meter cars area is 3 m³. 

When so, in one second, the sample car creates 0.1 m vacuum to the front. In city traffic you move with 10 - 15 m/s speed.

Double vacuum should show in city consumption.

8th October

Jet engine came and flying became popular in 1950s. Just like aired electricity.
During recent years aviation has stagnated. Air at high altitudes is thin. Effect of combustion and jet engine is bigger than on ground.
You are finished with combustion collector ?
There is theory and design for constructing the collector. You can design and build rotational and rod-tube systems.
Was it difficult to figure out the 2 stage system for 3 stroke process ?
It took around one day or less. Didn't have to stretch to the edge. Maybe once. In the very beginning.
Pressurized gravitational shield-converter is safe.
It should be safe to at least dropping the gravitational drag to moon's 1/6. Moon's gravity could be rather near earth's original drag. Difficult to break or interfere atoms with pressure. High pressures are known to be safe.

HYDRAULIC GEARBOX

Hydraulics is sort of easy to design. You can use transparent tubes and color pigments for checking the flow. You can record and revise the flow with hi-speed or frameless video camera.

Power axle

When you design and build the system, you should keep the logical power transmission axle always in one line. Otherwise the axle vibrates the engine-box-shaft system.

If you build double piston pump, you might want you ships system and operate the pump directly with pistons.

Efficiency of the hydraulics

Efficiency of the hydraulics is dependent on tube lengths and used liquid's quality.
- Liquids have internal friction and friction against the tube walls.
- Tubes start to knock under high pressure-speed system.
- Sharp curves in the tubes increases friction and losses.

Hydraulic crank and empowered double piston pump needs good hydraulic oil.

When you increase pressure and speed, the viscosity falls. You can build almost rod like internal system with high pressure and speed. But the pressure-speed increases friction against tube. 

In curves you can improve turning by increasing the tubes diameter. Increase slows down the fluids. Tilt angles for the increase and decrease must be low.

With rod or rods, which has pistons at both ends, you can transfer hydraulic pressure losslessly over longer distances. You can never transfer fluid's movement with rods. Pressure only.

Hydraulic crank

Since you have a hydraulic gearbox, you can also use hydraulic crank system. In hydraulic system you lift the pistons with the same cylinder, you push during firing stroke.

Inlet stroke needs additional pipe and valve system. Since you have hydraulics in the block, you can use hydraulic air pump for pushing the piston down and filling the cylinder.

Hydraulic crank can be controlled with valves. When so, you can adjust compression ratio and displacement of the engine.

During outlet stroke, the valve system allows you to move the piston into displacement volume and  get almost all from the burned gas away from the cylinder.
- In cranked system, you use the burned mixture as filler of the cylinder. It forms a small buffer or gas spring in between piston and fire.

If you use almost gearless system, you can adjust also the speed of secondary strokes. You can fill, compress and empty the cylinders at randomly selected speed.

Piston needs rings at both ends, but it doesn't tilt sideways.

System doesn't need flywheel. You can collect energy into gas spring. To the spring you can collect energy from for example braking. You can use engine, electric pump or collector for charging the spring.  Spring can be integrated seamlessly into hydraulic power transmission. New upright door, needs powered hydraulic or electric lifter. You can use the spring with hydraulic lifters, openers and movers, when the engine is not running.

-  most blocks can be configured so, that engine doesn't vibrate in sideways.
- allows you to place cylinders however you wish.
- changes the lubrication philosophies.
-  narrows the block and engine. In private car engine is around 10 cm wide from bottom to top.
- allows you to use inline, etc. engines in copter car.
- engine is small and light compact box. 2 liter 4 cylinder engine for private car is 50 cm long, 15 cm wide and 30 cm high. It weighs less than 50 kg. With hydraulic gearbox, engine is turned so, that it is 50 cm wide, 30 cm long and 10 - 15 cm high.

- was the original system in my graduation work. Abandoned the system because of the claimed poor efficiency. 

At the same time crank was said to waste 70% from fuel power. Heat losses were nothing. Claim inspired German Felix Wankel and many others to waste their time with a non-existing, marginal loss.

- - - -

 In principle it is possible to extend the hydraulics to shafts, which rotates wheels. VW has used hydraulic differential. 

 In front wheel driven car you can easily use two double piston cranks. Attach shafts for the wheels directly to gearbox. Pressure in the double piston units should balance different rotating speeds. You can build slipping clutch and fixed mechanical locks into cranks.

 In rear wheel driven car with engine at the front distance is rather long. Maybe too much for hydraulics.

 Hydraulic system is simple and has good efficiency ratio. 90 degrees angle goes in a conversion from horizontal movement to rotation.

 Hydraulic system can have brakes.

Hydraulic gearbox

You cannot use system as replacement for turbines, after all.
System is not simple and handy as turbine. Then produced power is not steady.

How do you combine combustion engine's and collector's powers ?
One way to combine the powers is hydraulic gearbox. Hydraulic gearbox can be made as gearless box. In power production side you can have more than one  power inlets, that rotates shafts, which leads to wheels. Can use the screw propel for rotating hydraulic pump and dense propel in rotator. When you use propel and push the oil towards wings, propel doesn't have major counter forces. In closed combustion powered system, slip from viscosity goes into engine and reduces the required power. 

In hydro plant you have open system, and the slip results into power losses. In coal, oil, gas and nuclear plant slip results into heat losses. In R&D hydro systems you use upright watermill propel. Direct drop keeps the connection to overlying G force as long as possible.

Most from currently used boxes poor efficiency obviously comes from turbines counter forces. Paddle-propel like turbine sort of stops the flow after the connection to inlet is cut. Flow starts to move after the hole gets connection to outlet hole and volume starts to shrink.. Propel and propel like turbine never stops. Pressure-force system towards the next wing remains near neutral.

At rotator each pump has it's own tubes, with what they rotate the propel. At the shared propel oil from different sources gets slightly mixed, you must check and balance pumps oil reserves. Can also use separate propels for each power source. All power sources must be synchronized, at least in some level. System doesn't need clutches, propel's slip acts as clutch. Slip allows also small speed differences in between power sources. 

With separate propels, you can build gears into one propel. With wings tilt adjuster, you can synchronize speeds of the propel system. 

When you design and dimension the box, you must take the slip into notice. So that boxes transmission capability matches engine and collector powers.

Mechanical system is also possible, the collector with shared axle has rpm stabilizer, the stabilizer can be synchronized to engine's rpm.

How do you build gearless hydraulic gearboxes ?
You change the diameter of the rotator / tube where oil flows. When you get steady pressure from engine's and collector's pumps, oil speed at the rotator unit is dependent on the cross-section area of the tube. The speed must exist in rotator. You cannot pre-fetch the speed before standard sized rotator. With propel you can use tubes, whose hit point at wings can be adjusted. The force that rotates the wing is at the hit point. Viscosity and movement in sideways reduces the force that rotates the propel.  Wings tilt angle third way to build gears into box.

An almost gearless box can be made with turbine, which has 20 - 50 small equally sized inlets for the primary flow from the pump. Equally sized holes can be opened and closed freely. Rotator unit with 50 gears needs only one inlet and outlet tube. The rotator needs one powerful overflow valve. With valve you drop the pressure in rotator so, that you can operate 50 smaller valves. Overflow valve has to be open only fractions of second. Smoothness of the shift is dependent on the speed with you open and close the valve. Box doesn't need clutch. 

You build the channels with variable material strength. So that the channels, which are used with top gears are stronger than others. Box is almost fault free. You can change channels, you use with each gear. You can have custom gears. With computer, you can choose best gear for the speed and load.

Gearless and almost gearless box can be made with torque converters capability to give a start-up boost to vehicle.

In geared box you use separate inlet-outlet systems for each gear. In principle, the current automatic gearbox needs a another hydraulic pump, which is synchronized with the one, engine rotates.

Can you use screw in rotator ?
Freely rotating screw is not very good. Propel and paddle-turbine are better. Viscosity pushes liquids and gases through the screw without giving any force to screw. Powered screw pushes new stuff forwards all the time. Viscosity based slip is insignificant in powered screw.

How about double piston ?
Why not. It was intended for capturing of slow kinetic energy. The valves with what you select the tube must be strong. During drag-back you might have to close the tube from both ends. Double piston produces pulsing power. You need more than one unit for skipping over the pressure drops, when you change the tube. During the change, there is pressure peak in inlet pipe. Freely zigzagging  double piston is almost lossless. Probably possible to smoothen the swap with valves.

You could build a boxer engine like system, where the crank is in the middle of the tubes. And both cylinders pushes the oil towards crank. With the system you get rotation into crank without trouble and tricks. When another cylinder pushes oil, the crank moves the free piston to start position. Star engine configuration is also possible. Not possible in sea current plants, difficult in ships.

Difficult in ships ?
In ships, tubes and double piston system is part of the engine and its crank system. In sea current plant speeds are low, pulsing power acceptable.

Can you build gears into double piston system ?
It is heavy weight power transmitter. Never thought it in miniature form before. It gets broke easily, when you modify the system. Suits for trucks and heavy vehicles power transmission. Could use overflow channel and control the leaked amount with overflow valves. Then you can use multiple small units and almost gearless gearbox system. Simple unit per gear system is also possible. One unit has always at least two cylinders / tubes.

You can pass the boxes with direct mechanical gear.
Easy system allows passing from only power source. If engine passes the box, collector assists with the box.

How do you build the back to propel system ?
It doesn't matter much. Good hydrodynamics rules. Steady pressure-speed system from propel to pump is obviously the best. Pressure should be smaller than at propel.

Boxes suit to ground and water vehicles.
Possible that they are too heavy aircrafts. At least in the beginning. In boat you rotate pump screw with engine, box rotates propel screw. Don't how much there is need for the box in the boats. But it is possible. Boats low speed comes from the lack of proper gearbox. Aircrafts suffer also from the lack of good gearing system.

Screw with double piston rotator matches mechanical box.
In normal load. Under heavy load screw slips. Double piston pump with double piston rotator doesn't slip. In efficiency and fuel consumption all boxes and gear systems should be near mechanical box. The boxes final efficiency is dependent on hydrodynamic design.

Are these boxes difficult to repair ?
No. You bolt broken part out. Change or repair it. Bolt part back to box. Boxes are easier to repair than current manual and automatic boxes. Parts can cost, but repairs can be made in common workshop. Hydraulics need additional attention to dirt and cleanliness. Small sand grain in the system can damage or broke the valves.

Immo and Citroen has hydraulic automatic gear box ?
Ooops. Don't know. Gear changer is hydraulic. Possible that the whole box is also hydraulic.

Sure that slip through propel doesn't cause losses ?
Energy is consumed and pressure falls only then, when you brake the flow with propel. The slipped flow-pressure system, which doesn't rotate the propel, cannot vanish from the system. The only losses from the slip are small, additional hydro and thermo dynamic losses.

Fees are 0.5% from factory or construction price.
Yes. Factory and construction prices are way below the retail prices.

9th October

What kind of thing new automatic gearbox is ?
Simple. To driver and passengers it is smooth and quiet. It allows you to accelerate speed, without raising rpm and noise levels. Box allows you to keep engine noises down at new 100 mph / 160 km/h highway speeds. In traffic lights you get back to city speed during the crossing. Economically and without revving the engine. Fast traffic light accelerations reduces rushes. System works already with almost gearless boxes.

Box allows the car run in quiet mode, eco-mode and power mode. In quiet mode gear box uses big gear for keeping rpm and noises low. In eco-mode engine and box is optimized to fuel economy. In power mode system maximizes the engine powers.

You are finished with the hydraulic gear box now ?
Yes, darling. Think, that I am finished with combustion collector and new automatic gearbox.

- - - -

How much is 0.5% from $10 000 ?
It is, ten percent is $1 000, percent is $100, it is $50 per car.
Then you get the fee from over 50 million sold car. $2.5 billions a year. Happy now ?
Not getting a single cent at the moment. Boys sponsors are paying the small allowance, I get from the Finns ... and with what they have been playing for over 20 years. Payments, Finns are getting over 1 000% bigger than the small allowance. Very important to keep my cash reserves small, so that I cannot escape from Finns. During this year Finns have been stealing cash from my wallet ... and my old cell.
They have no intention to give up from the valuable prisoner ... bringer of the good tremors ?
No.

What kind of a thing that low gravitation elevator is ?
Exactly like current. With current box size it is quite a lot faster than current. When you step into elevator, your weigh falls. The whole hole is low gravitation space. Possible that in the future elevator box is the only low gravitation thing.

In this picture you see front wheel turn with 30 degree angle.
- Center point is in the middle of the wheelbase.
- Rear's shortcut is obviously also somewhere near wheelbase / 2. 

Turn theory

Turn in sideways creates momentum, that prevent movement of the front sideways. At rear wheels the momentum tries to move wheels side ways.

When so, tires' steering in sideways increases the turning diameter. If tire has theoretical 0% stiffness in sideways, the car doesn't turn. It moves in sideways, and keeps the direction. Same sideway movement happens, when you have only one wheel steering system. Turn needs always two mounting points.

The turning center comes from the momentum. The momentum changes direction at the longitudinal weight center.
The center is valid for front wheels. In simple segment calculation center is Wheelbase / 2. Calculation ignores weight.

Rear follows the front wheels with momentum and body based connection to front wheels.
In rough calculations you can use wheelbase / 2 for rear's shortcutting.

Detailed calculations are possible with momentum, wheelbase, weigh center and front wheels angle.
Detailed calculations should be verified with the car and it's tracks. 
For the first parking-steering aids you can build tables from measured values.

4 wheel steering moves rear wheels farther from front wheels, with rear wheels steering angle.
- Segment diagram for rear wheels goes into opposite direction from the front.
- Center point and turning radius are also independent from the front.

When you move the rear farther from front, you make the car act like a car with short wheelbase. 
Top picture like triangle should give you exact equivalent for 2 wheel steered wheelbase.
In the top picture you search cross point for front and rear wheels steering angle ( Yellow line in rightmost car ).
The equivalent wheelbase is cross point's projection at the side. 

When car is in 4 wheel steering mode, the weight center should lose it's meaning for the momentum. Weight affects to the grip and tires own sideway movement in it's air space.

Never seen tracks from 4 wheel steered car. Have a hunch, that tracks and shortcutting would match car with shorter wheelbase and 2 wheel steering.

In theory it might be possible to build a good full-time fixed 4-wheel steering. Build a system where front and rear wheel angles are optimized for the steering angles. Switch into park mode after angle grows enough. Such system would reduce uncontrolled sideway movements at rear wheels. System could optimize also outer and inner wheel angles.

Computer controlled steering for a car with softer suspension is obviously rather ambiguous. Possible that you end into continuous addition of sensors and subroutines, that handles various tilts and suspension events. A bigger rock in the curve, under only one wheel is an example from the thing, that can mess up your routines. The rock and it's movements are nothing for fixed steering. When you take control over steering, you must handle the rock's disturbance in your program. In principle you give up from the control only then, when some emergency sensor goes on.

Designing steering

When you build electric steering, first you design default steering.
In electric or CPU malfunction steering takes mechanically automated default steering into use. You must have somewhere documented manual switch for overriding the electric circuits and taking the default steering into use.

After this you can build more sophisticated electrically assisted hydraulic or electric system.

All electrics for at least the brakes should also have documented override switch ( if not in dash ).

Override systems must be made so good, that 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, ... owner can use the car and take the car to inspections with override switches on. 

In order to keep the sales of the new cars running, you must ensure, that the car does not become unwanted during it's lifetime. Bad reputation is easy to gain with poor electrics. Bad reputation drops the resale value. Low resale value has strong effect to the sales of the new cars. Nobody wants a car, whose value falls twice as quickly as others.

If all cars have a bad reputation, the overall car sales falls. Politics are very familiar with the effect of the overall bad reputation. In all countries there has been a time, when electoral activity was 80-90%.

- In chained physics you can usually simplify the system. 
- Introduced the simplifying in wings aerodynamics.

Credit demands applies also to super smarts, who knows everything, without knowing anything ...
Proper credits separate the uncontrolled stupid personal inventions from the seriously released researches.
Like for example nuclear plants, crank losses, cyanide and CO2 emissions and so on ...