Jets + Jet engines April 2018
Tights	.

From the picture above, you can see how jet engine works. There are also two enhancements to the jet : pre-heater and gearbox. Picture shows the flow for the mounted engine. After plane gets into speed, it does not take long, before the engine moves faster than the air. Arrows go from right to left. Direction does not have meaning in this introduction.

Jet engine is 3 stroke combustion engine, with continuous process. There are Compress, Fire and Exhaust strokes / events. Strokes come from the gas' current position in the tube.

From the simple rocket engines we know, that in jet engine turbine gives the power to compressor. Jet would obviously give more thrust without turbine. Turbine is needed for compressing the air into combustion chamber. Fuel is injected to system in combustion chamber. Turbine-compressor is like camshaft-valves + crank-piston systems in 4 stroke engine.

In jet engine, output power is speed and pressure of the exhaust gases at the nozzle. It creates most from the thrust. The actual thrust comes after the air has left the engine and you can never measure it. The exhaust gace and give a kick to the rocket. Rocket engine with ignition keys ... stop and go option ... needs feeding system for fuel.

Without pre-compression, you can use electric fuel pumps and a-likes in both engine types. With pre-compressor, you get more power from the engine and burned fuel. But the engine is much more expensive, rather complicated too ... waste of money and time in disposal engine.

- Pre-compressed engine needs external or embedded starter system, just like cars do. Turbine-compressor's power demand prevents on-its-own starts.
- Standing non-compressed jet engine needs a system for directing the fire to backwards. After engine-object starts to move, fire takes direction from the move.
- Non-compressed rocket engine needs a system, which prevents fire from spreading into fuel tank. In rocket, the fire and pressure spreads first into all directions, eventually into nozzle. Flow, which directs fire and pressure towards nozzle, is born soon after ignition.

The very first car design ( by Isaac Newton ) used simple non-compressed rocket engine. Besides cars, Newton fathered also steam and combustion engines. Simple diagram has inspired many people.

- - Thrust creation - -

The primary thrust creator is dependent on construction : If the nozzle speed is low, and nozzle pressure is low, when compared to combustion pressure. The thrust comes mostly from propel effect.

Propel-effect
Compressor-Turbine system always creates propel effects to engine. When turbine rotates, the air hits wings. The hit always creates a forwarding force to the engine. When air hits compressor wings, it results into a force, which is against the forwarding direction. The reversed force must be smaller than the forwarding force. Otherwise the axle would stop.

Propel effect is similar to wing effect. In principle propel moves air to backwards and this move pushes the plane forwards. In other words, you create under pressure in front of the propel and over pressure to the back of the propel. In turbine propel effect is dependent on wings angle and shape.

Great deal from the losses in turbine always goes to rotational work. You can get an estimation for this work from compressor. Remainder goes to propel effect. Overall work comes from the pressure sensors.

Originally thought, that propel effect would be the primary thrust maker in jet engine. Changed my opinion after I checked jets and rockets together.

Nozzle-effect
Thrust, which comes after the flow has left the engine, must have a surface for leading the counter force into engine and plane. When you look at the picture, the counter force goes to the back of the turbine ring. In rocket engine force goes into back wall of the combustion chamber.

Nozzle-effect comes from the overpressure, which is behind the engine / turbine. See the back-cooler in new things.

If the engine has a clear surface for conducting overpressure into engine and body, you can measure horizontal overpressures from the surface. Current jet engines do not have clear surfaces in the back. General nozzle pressure is a  hint for the actual push pressure. General nozzle pressure is used for defining the efficiency of the combustion, firing, etc. Horizontal push pressure includes also power transmission. It is the thrust, you get from Nozzle effect.

Vacuum-effect
When compressor takes more air into combustion chamber, than it gets from air, the sucking creates vacuum in front of the engine. When so, engine gets a forwarding force from the vacuum. Vacuum effect can be calculated by expanding the combustion chamber's diameter so, that pressure in compression chamber is equal to air pressure. If expanded diameter is bigger than inlet diameter, the difference creates a reference to vacuum effect. You should never build a compressor, where expanded diameter is smaller than inlet diameter.

Balanced vacuum under pressure is somewhere near the nozzle's overpressure. Propel effect is an internal effect, it does not have much meaning in vacuum under pressure. With balanced pressures, you create artificial propel / wing effect to the engine. Possible that optimal vacuum is bigger than balanced.

New Things

Picture misses system, with what you create small lift into vacuum and thrust effects.
Pre heater should point slightly upwards, nozzle downwards.

Pre heater
When you burn compressed fuel-air mixture, temperature of the input mixture has a big meaning for the power you get from the burn. In common 4-stroke engine you cannot take much advantage from this, because of knocking and strength of existing designs. But in jet these two things do not have much meaning. When you heat the incoming air, with for example heat, which conducts into shell ( around the combustion chamber ), you can get much more energy from the burned fuel. Especially then, when you cruise at 40 000 ft altitude, and the temperatures are -20C or lower.

It is much more easier to use pre-heater, than chemicals, which manipulates fuel and it's flash point.

In principle fly at high altitude does not consume much fuel. Both gravity and density falls. But low inlet temperature increases fuel consumption quite a lot.

Gearbox
First thing I noticed from the jet engine, was the lack of possibility to adjust compressors and turbines rotation speeds independently from each other. Lack of gearbox forces you to build the engine to certain power and air pressure. With gearbox you can adjust the amount of fuel-air mixture you feed into combustion chamber. Gearbox improves the fuel efficiency an awful lot.

You can create gears into jet with for example propel rings. You can attach and detach rings by demand. Then you can make gear system into axle.

The gearbox in the picture defines the location of the gearing effect. In the diagram like engine, you can move compressor turbine horizontally. When you move turbine to left, the pressure in combustion chamber lowers. Not necessarily the best possible solution. If I had to decide, I would probably build a gear system into axle. In cars gearbox is made so, that the most common gear goes always directly through the box ( gearbox does not produce losses ).

- In principle jet needs 4 gears : Take-Off, Ground, Climb and Cruise gears. With 4 gears you can optimize all basic maneuvers.
- Take-Off gear should maximize the thrust, without giving much attention to fuel consumption.
- Ground gear would work in low altitudes, Climb in mid and Cruise in plane's cruising altitude. Possible to combine Ground and Climb into one gear.
- Space plane would need few gears for Space and Upper Atmosphere.

Movable fuel injector
In principle. With fuel injector unit, which moves vertically in combustion chamber, you can adjust the size of the chamber. Fire never spreads against the heavy blow, the burning volume starts from the injectors' nozzles. Possible to adjust the chamber's size, so that it fits into used gear and throttle position. Not very difficult to build a fire resistant, adjustable tube system to fuel injectors.

Chamber length and volume should obviously be adjusted so, that pressure does not fall ... fall much ... before gas goes to turbine.

Shaped compressed chamber
With movable injector system and shaped compression chamber, you downgrade and adjust the incoming air pressure. You can eliminate changes in external air pressure without gearbox. System does not change the amount of incoming air, only the pressure.

Pressure sensors
Basic demand for the usage of pressure sensors are adjustments, you do with sensor data. Jet engine would need adjustable fuel injector units for getting good usage for the sensors. With gearbox, pressure sensors can give you optimal gears and throttle positions for different altitudes. Without these two, the usage is limited to design time : The pilot makes all adjustments with throttle switch.

First you need one sensor-unit in nozzle.
Second sensor measures the pressure right after compression, before the air is burned with fuel. 
With these two, you get net power / energies for the burn process.

- When you add third sensor before the turbine, and you compare it with the pressure after compressor, you get brut powers for the process.
- Fourth sensor-set is needed for measuring vacuum-pressures. It comes before the pre-heater.
- Optional fifth sensor-set could be used for measuring air-pressures.

- In jet engine, you might want to install also temperature sensors to same places with the pressure sensors.
- Turbine power is the difference in pressures before and after the turbine. In overall process turbine power is a loss in produced energy. 

With the described sensor system and theoretical base, you can create programs, with what you can check and optimize the burn process. And also the shapes of different parts in your engine design.

Back cooler / air thickener for Nozzle-thrust

When exhaust gases leaves the nozzle, temperature and volume start to fall. This causes turbulences into exhaust gases. Turbulences increases the air resistance and improves the back thrust.

You could try to increase turbulences with a spoiler system, which leads cooler air into exhaust gases. Spoiler system could be made as a winged system, which does not disturb planes aerodynamics.

As combined air cooler-thickener, you can use water / vapors. When usage of water is limited to gravitational field, system is certain to be harmless to our world. If system proves to be efficient, you could use it in take offs.

Also possible to use CFC system for cooling the back air. At high altitudes / in cold air closed CFC system does need much cooling. Possible that simple compressed loop would be enough. With wing-like tube system you can avoid interference with aerodynamics. In space jet you steer the craft with thrust's direction.  In space jet, with mounted engines, you can embed the cooling into steering system. Closed cooling system would also increase turbulences behind the engine.

? If back cooler / disturber is too efficient, it slows down the speed of out coming gases.

- - Space Jet - -

In principle the only difference in space jet and common jet is, that in space you got to enrich the incoming air with oxygen. You do not have to carry the air with you, like you do in common rocket engines. The thrust for the engine comes from the air, which is in the back of the engine. It creates power, which pushes craft forwards. It is not very easy to create thrust for rocket with exhaust gases only, without some surrounding and binding material.

Gearbox is essential in the jet, which operates in atmosphere and space, both. In space you need much more air for filling the combustion chamber. Possible, that you need additional air inlets in space. Space planes, with what you travel to space harbor and back, got to operate in atmosphere and space, both.

- Methanol is fuel, you can use in spacecrafts, it contains the oxygen and hydrogen you need for heating the air. Creating the overpressure.
- From the afterburners, we know that the high temperature of the exhaust gases improves the thrust. It means that long nozzle ... exhaust pipe ... tends to weaken the thrust.
- Both pre and after heating are known to improve the process. Tested in practice. 

You should get most from after burning effect with cooling and air thickeners. With afterburner, you increase the pressure and turbulences behind the push surface. With cooler you can create the same difference to pressure in behind the engine. With cooler you can also create turbulences to the back. With efficient cooler and air thickener you can beat the after burner. Thickener should be water oriented, environmentally safe.

With new detailed operating principle you can test and get all kinds of improvements to jets. With for example shape of inlet tube you can direct the vacuum effect so that engine boosts the lift. When the vacuum is slightly bigger above the center of the inlet tube, the engine tries to go upwards all the time. In outlet you can shape it so, that it creates bigger thrust below the center.

In space jet directions of thrust and vacuum are important for steering. 

- - Electric Jet - -

Exhaust gases' turbulences gives some guaranties for using jets and rockets in space crafts.

But in principle you should never carry busloads of material and garbage from earth to space. Everything you leave to space is permanently away from earth's eco and recycling system. Time and widespread behavior can disturb earth. Lead to serious, disastrous results.

Best way to build heat oriented space engine is a resistor-fan system, which operates with electromagnetic battery. Oil, oxygen and combustion chambers are a way to increase the temperature and pressure of the air. You can do the same with resistors and big batteries ( or indoor generators ).

It is rather easy to convert jet engine into electric jet engine. Jet does not explode the fuel air-mixture like common engines do. In principle all you have to do, is to replace fuel injection system with big and hot resistors. Electric jet does not need oxygen for producing the jet's thrust effects. Electric space jet works in the same places than fueled space jet.

Most things you research and develop to fuel jet, suits also to electric jet.

Bigger planes are inspected regularly. Regular inspections, rare accidents and location of the engines makes it possible to use electric jet engines also in gravitational planes. In planes you can place the batteries and engines into wings, replace fuel tanks with big batteries. Nature of the batteries makes electric jet safer than common jet.

In on-ground accidents burning fuel often makes most from the damages, like in WTC hits in 9/11/2001. Without full tanks, the hits would've been rather harmless. The leaked fuel set both sky drapers into fire and fed the fires for a long time.

- - - -

If you do not know or remember, the jet research belongs to commercial space exploration project. Originally supposed to take a break from ATS site keeping, for assisting in the development of an engine for spacecrafts. From the field research you find principles for creating an engine, which works on it's own. Without surrounding material / thrust. There are also few things, which must be checked for the project.

One essential thing to check are the low frequency radiations. Looks like, that low frequency does not automatically make radiation dangerous to life : The lethal effect comes from Manhattan project and nuclear chain reaction. If so, also possible to get lethal radio-active portion from high frequency radiation.

Need for getting settlements and constructions into earth's rotational field is growing all the time. You can produce electricity, oil and food in there. Lack of sufficient electricity and oil production is big. Getting bigger with the growth of worldwide welfare.

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- - Short history of Jets and Jet planes - - 

The primary developer of the current turbojet engine is British Frank Whittle. Whittle invented jet engine in 1921. His first turbojet design ran in 1937. 

The first turbojet plane flew in Nazi Germany. The plane was Heinkel He 178, year was 1939. Hitler was not interested in turbojets, due to their huge fuel consumption. Designer of German turbojet is Hans von Ohain. His first turbojet ran at the same time than Whittle's, in 1937. Whittle's plane, Gloster E28/29, flew for the 1st time in 1941. Gloster is the second jet ever. First Briton's and Nazi's operational military jet planes were taken to use in 1944.*

Whittle and Ohain developed their turbojets independently from each other.

British made de Havilland DH 106 Comet 1+1A is the first jet airliner ever. First flight was in 1949, flights began in 1952 and ended in 1954.  When propel plane cruised around 500 km/h, Comet went 740 km/h. Comet's operating range was 2 400 km, propels could fly over 8 000 km.

21 Comets were manufactured. From these five were destroyed in accidents, in three everyone on board died. In 1954, after 3rd fatal accident, all remaining Comet 1:s were withdrawn . Seven were taken to tests. in tests hulls of six planes went broke. Comet 1 never returned to traffic. Around 0.1% from the people, who flew with Comet 1, died. Manufacturer, de Havilland, belongs nowadays to BAE systems, which constructs military planes and ships.

In 1956 Soviet made Tupolev Tu-104 began commercial flights. In 1958 western world returned into jet airliners with Boeing 707.
- In 1958 Tu-104 had two fatal accidents, the reason for both was poor aerodynamics at cruising altitude. Flight ceiling for was lowered from 12 km to 9 km.
- Boeing 707 had its first fatal in 1961, year 1962 was rather dark. 4 fatal accidents. Plane had difficulties with take-offs and landings. Something was done after 1962.

Design-oriented fatal accidents and hull losses are nowadays rare. Jet engine hardly ever causes accidents. They are simple and strong.

In 1960 all major plane constructors had shifted to jet airliners. Most had also given up from propel liners, although economical, no one wanted them. Oil was cheap, jets' poor fuel efficiency was not a big problem then. Super sonic Concorde SST and Tupolev Tu-144 were the last planes, which were made with only time and speed in mind.

* The sequence was confirmed from the books, which were written during the time anti-nazism was strong.