If diamonds are girls best friend, rubies are the second best ?

In principle diamond is the most valuable gemstone. This is true, when you compare prices of one karat. But in our time gemstones market prices are matched. So that typical size of each stone costs as much. 

If your wedding ring has 0.5 carat diamond and your friend's ring has bigger 2 carat ruby, both costs as much. Difference in carat price becomes visible, when jewel's surface start to limit the number of gem stones. If your wedding has enough space for 20 diamonds, the same ring can have only around 5 equally priced rubies.

Diamond, Corundum and Beryl are the only full scaled valuable gemstones. Pearls are not prized with weight. All pearls are fairly expensive. Opal and Topaz have valuable colors. Turquoise can have special stones, whose carat price raises to 1 000. Other gemstones for jewelry doesn't have much value as investment. 

Diamond is an ordered and compressed carbon stone. Expensive gemstones weigh of volume is around 50% higher than it's source components. Diamond's weigh of volume is 3 500 kg / dm³, carbon's weigh of volume is 2 260 kg /dm³.

Diamond is natural rock form. Creation of matching synthetic diamond is almost impossible. Carbon has the highest boiling and melting points. When so, the Jewel furnace's combustion chamber melts before you reach the required temperature-pressure system. Earth's core creates the required temperature-pressure system in the center of the ball. The temperature-pressure system falls, when you go farther. Such system is impossible for us. Electromagnetic field is the only thing, with what you might be capable of creating diamonds. Electromagnetic field doesn't need physical core, but by default electromagnetic field doesn't create temperature-pressure systems.

Diamond is the only unburned valuable gemstone. Four other valuable gem stones, sapphire, ruby, red beryl and emerald are typical fully burned oxides. Each stone has approximately 2 oxygen atoms for 1 source atom. Or alternatively 2 oxygen atoms for each atom in the group of burned sources.

Corundum - Sapphire, Ruby, Emery

Corundum is transparent form of aluminum oxide, it exists in all colors. Rarer ruby is bright red, black is Emery, other colors are Sapphires. Typical sapphire color is blue. Red or pink sapphire is not as bright as Ruby. Aluminum Oxide's color is white. Gemstone sapphire sizes extend to 500 carats, biggest Rubies are 150 carat.

Corundum or aluminum oxide is natural, mined form of aluminum. Part from poor quality corundum is used in various rubbing tools and machines. Aluminum oxide comes to us in lava ... via eruptions and continental splits. When lava comes to ground Aluminum Oxide is already in solid form. 

Corundum and Aluminum Oxide can exist in toxic form. You should never use aluminum in kitchen ware and with food related systems. Make ups, which has aluminum oxide can have small amounts of toxic compounds.

Saltwater tends to convert valuable Corundum into worthless aluminum salt.  Reversing can be made by warming aluminum salt to over 1 100C temperature, but the valuable transparent lattice order is lost. With magnetic field you might be capable of manipulating lattices in liquid or gas form. Corundum is electric conductor.

Corundum's chemical formula is Al₂ O₃, Ruby is said to have Chromium atoms, which makes it red. Emery has magnetite, hermatite or hercynite. 

Transparent stone's density or weight of volume is 4 020 kg / dm3. Common oxide is  3 987 kg / dm³. Aluminum is 2 700 kg/dm³. Hardness is 9.0 Mohs. Melting point is 2 044 C, boiling point 2 977C.

Vaporized aluminum can be burned with CH₃ ( = hot booze vapor ) and Oxygen / Ozone. Clean or perfect fire needs 3 CH3 molecules and 1 Ozone atom for 2 Aluminum atoms. Fire needs combustion chamber / high pressure.  At atmospheric pressure demand for the temperature is 2 500 C.

Aluminum is fairly immune to air, efficient corruption needs water and booze vapors. Water and booze vapors corrupts Aluminum into Aluminum Oxide and upgrades Booze vapor into more powerful Methane vapors. In gas form Booze and Oil are very near each other. 

With Fluoride and Hydrogen Corundum can be burned into Water and Aluminum Fluoride.

Beryl - Red Beryl, Emerald, Golden Beryl, Morganite, Aquamarine and Goshenite

Each Beryl color has it own name. Rarest and smallest Red beryl is bright red. Emerald is green, Golden beryl yellow. Morganite is red shaded or pink beryl. Shades of blue are Aquamarines and  almost free Goshenite is colorless stone, it could also be named and used as Crystal.

In jewelry Emerald extends to 1 000 carats. Golden beryl to 2000 carat. Biggest discovered Morganite gemstone is 23 kg or 115 000 carats, record for jewel quality Aquamarine gemstone is 110 kg or 550 000 carats. In gemstones, the biggest discovered stone size refers to prize and rareness of the stone.

Beryl separates from Corundum with poorer electric conductivity. Beryl is dirty silicon oxide. Dirty parts in pure beryl stone are Beryl and Aluminum In our nature ... temperature and pressure ... beryllium, aluminum and silicon never reacts with oxygen. They don't get corrupted like steel, food, wood, cloths and others.

Transparent stone's density or weight of volume is 2 760 kg/dm³. Silicon is 2 330 kg/dm³. Hardness is 7.5 - 8.0 Mohs.

Beryl's chemical formula is Be₃ Al₂ Si₆ O₁₈. Beryl is natural rock form. Poor quality beryl stones are used as primary source of Beryllium and secondary source of Aluminum. Beryl is always toxic, it comes from beryllium. Beryl handling needs much more care than Corundum.

In Jewel furnace Beryl needs 3 300 C atmospheric fire. Besides natural beryl, there are synthetic beryl's. These synthetic beryl's are never burned in high pressure like natural stones. When so, it is almost impossible for these synthetic stones to have matching qualities with natural stones.

Opal has 2 + 2 forms. Gemstone opal is precious opal. When light hits precious opal, it flashes in various colors. Both precious and common opal can be white, boulder or black. Background color of the most valuable black opal is black, dark gray or dark blue. Transparent and other colors are white opals. Dark background makes the flashing more visible.

Over 95% from Opals come from Australia. Fire Opal comes from Mexico, color scale is yellow-orange-red, Fire Opal can be transparent / translucent. Water opal flashing / precious transparent opal.  Rose Opal is the only common opal, which is used jewelry. Rose opal is bright pink, it doesn't flash. Hydrofan opal is black. When it is dropped into water, it becomes colorless.

Opal is hydrated sand or silicon dioxide SiO₂ nH₂O. The amount of water varies from 5% to 10%. Weight of volume is 2 090 kg / dm³. Hardness is 5.5-6.0 Mohs. Hard hit breaks the opal rather easily. Salt water and various acid melts opal. 

Topaz

Topaz is often used as fake diamond. It doesn't shine as brightly as diamond. Topaz exists in all colors, including translucent, except bright green.

Orange topaz is called Precious Topaz, Imperial Topaz is pink, yellow, brown or golden topaz.

Topaz  is hydrated aluminum silicate Al₂SiO₄(F,H₂O) The amount of water is around 20%. Weight of volume is 3 500 kg / dm³. Hardness is 8.0 Mohs. Hard hit breaks the topaz rather easily. Topaz has often "break-lines", from which the stone gets break in a hit.

Quartz - Amethyst, Tiger's Eye, etc.

Amethyst is the most valuable quartz, unique color varies in shades of purple / violet / magenta.

Quartz's qualities and colors can be manipulated rather easily.  There are many cheap named gemstone quartzes. Names refers to colors and looks of the stone. Names without quartz are Agate, Aventurine, Chacledony, Carnelian, Citrine, Herkimes diamond, Jasper, Onyx, Rock Crystal and Tiger's Eye. Green quartz is called prasiolite or lime citrine or vermarine. 

Quartz is silicon oxide SiO₂. Weight of volume is 2 650 kg / dm³. Hardness is 7.0 Mohs. Quartz is strong stone, it doesn't melt or get broke easily. With heat quartz needs 1 650C temperature for melting.

Others

Garnet is an old gemstone. Colors are red, green, orange and yellow. Blue is very rare. Red is most common and emerald green is most valuable. Garnet is general name for silicate minerals, formulas are in form X₃Y₂(SiO₄)₃. Weight of volume is 3 520 - 4 320 kg / dm³. Hardness is 6.5 - 7.5 Mohs. Red Garnet is birth stone of January.

Peridot is olive green gem. The color comes olive-mineral. Peridot is birth stone of August.

Moon stone is silver or blue shaded stone. Golden rings with big rounded moonstone were popular in the past. Sun stone is yellow, glittering variation from moon stone. Other colors are possible. Sun stone has stronger colors than moonstone.

Pearl is the most valuable organic gem. Pearl is an egg-like seed for sea shells oysters. Sea shell raises the pearl inside. After pearl is big enough, shell opens the lid and throws the pearl away.

Pearl's base color is white. Pearl can have shades from all colors. Then there are Black Pearls and Pink, Yellow, Golden and  Brown Pearls. Pearls are never bright blue or bright green.

Pearls, whose shape is not ball, are called baroque pearls.

Pearl is made from Calcium Carbonate, CaCO₃. Weight of volume is 2 700 kg / dm³. Hardness is 2.5 - 4.0 Mohs.

Amber

Amber is another popular organic gem. It always golden-yellow-brown. It is often used in string of pearls. Baltic Amber is the most common in jewelry. It comes from Baltic area.

Amber is fossilized tree resin. Weight of volume is 1 000 kg / dm³. Hardness is 2.0 - 4.5 Mohs.

Coral

Popular organic gem - Coral - is hard skinned animal. Coral can exist in all colors. Coral is often used in necklaces.

Jade is obviously the best known and most popular gem, which can be carved. Typical Jade is green, but cream and black are possible. Rarer colors are blue, brown, red, black, dark green, lavender and white.

Asians, Oceaninc Aboriginals and Mexican Indians have made decorations and jewelry from Jade for ages.

Jade has two forms : nephrite is Ca-Mg-Fe compound and jadeite is Na-Al compound. CaCO₃. Jade's weight of volume is 3 000 kg / dm³. Jadeite's hardness is 6.5 - 7.0 Mohs. Nephrite's is 6.0-6.5 Mohs.

Central and South African green jewels and decorations are made from malachite. Malachite has green shaded rounded shapes on the surface. It is much like marble. Malachite's base element is copper, weight of volume is 3 400 kg / dm³. Hardness is 4.0 Mohs. 

Turquoise

Turquoise has given name to it's base color, mixture of blue and green. The name comes from French words, which means Stone of Turks. It is place from where ancient Europeans got the mineral. Aztec Indians and ancient Egyptians were familiar with stone, made decorations from it.

Turquoise is hydrated copper-aluminum phosphate, formula is CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. Weight of volume is 2 600 - 2 900 kg / dm³. Hardness is 5.0 - 6.0 Mohs.

Lapis lazuli

Lapis lazuli is third ancient carved stone. Color is bright blue. Name comes Persian word latzward, which means blue. Best and oldest rocks come from Afghanistan, Chile and Russia.

Besides jewelry, lazuli has been used as color pigment. Ancient Arabian blue constructions are covered with lapis lazuli paint.

Basic component in lapis lazuli is sulphur. Weight of volume is 2 800 kg / dm³. Hardness is 5.5 Mohs.

From the metals into which gemstones are embedded, gold is the safest and most valuable. Gold is also care free. Solid 24 carat gold is too soft for Jewelry, it bends and twists too easily. 18 ct is typical gold quality, which is used in Jewelry. It means, that 75% from the metal is gold. The rest is used for improving the metal's strength.

Gold keeps it's value, falls in value are rare. Gold doesn't have industrial usage, which would bounce the value. Nations and investment businesses keeps big gold reserves. When some nation runs out of money, it sells gold to market. Massive sellouts creates rather short peaks to gold prices. In investment world money is not an issue, problems are in availability of expensive things. Big and expensive things attracts buyers. When there is more than one buyer, the gold, stocks and others are auctioned to buyers. Auctioning raises the prices.

In high society man with lots of gold jewels is often considered somehow weird, vulgar or gay ... American self-made or from rags to riches billionaire. Yellow gold and beauty is dedicated to women. Silver and steel belong to men, with an exception of wedding ring and rings in general. Man with simple suit and without much visible decorations, emphasizes the beauty of his partner. Chest with medals ... awards from achievements ... is always accepted for men.

Man can typically have one ring, with big stone. With this ring people used to seal documents You get right to use this stoned ring, after you get adults rights. Members of some guilds uses rings as signs of membership, these rings are usually simple silver or steel rings.

For men there is white gold. White gold has gold's price and qualities, it looks like silver.

For golden teeth there is another white shade for gold. Gold is excellent material for implanted tooth. Teeth gold is for those, who don't want to bully with yellow, golden teeth. Gold has been used in tooth implants and fillings for ages.

Silver

Silver reacts with oxygen, it darkens by the time. Silver needs regular polishing, and airtight box.  Typical silver polisher creates wax layer, which reduces the darkening and reactions with oxygen.

Silver is toxic, modern silver kitchenware ( knives, forks and spoons )  has only silver handles, the part with what you touch food is made from steel.

Silver's price is 1 to 2% from gold. Silver has lots of industrial usage. Silver doesn't have / need gold like carat system. Stuff, which is sold as silver, is made from solid silver. Cheaper silver compounds have the names of their own.

Others

Platinum's color is white-shaded gray. It is some times called white-silver. Platinum is 50 - 80% cheaper than gold.. Platinum used to be the most expensive. Platinum can form cyanide, which is lethal chemical compound. 

Steel and titanium, which are not noble metals,  are so cheap, that they are sold in pounds, grams and kilograms. Titanium and steel are safe, carefree materials. 

Steel, which is used in jewelry and kitchenware, is high quality stainless steel. This steel doesn't get corrupted. Stainless steel was originally developed for tools. Stainless steel is the most expensive steel quality, too expensive to for example cars.

? During time of release, in February 2019, Gold cost $1 300 / oz, Platinum $1 000 / oz, Silver $20 / oz.

Ivory and Bones

Outside western oriented world, animal bones are popular material for jewelry. In some areas human bones are also used in decorations and jewelry.

Ivory is name for animal's teeth. Typically Ivory refers to elephant's tusks. Ivory is forbidden in most western countries. Ivory was banned, because of widespread illegal / unlicensed hunting of elephants. Same thing has made furs of wild animals unpopular. In principle there is nothing wrong in ivory, which is taken from animal, who has died naturally.

When you go deeper in hunting, animals can increase the reproduction so, that the species is not in danger to vanish. When some species is endangered, the primary reason is not usually in commercial hunting. In Africa and many other places, raped, poor soil, downgrades natural food production. Hunger and starvation is common amongst animals, who lives at grassland areas.

Expansion of human settlements is another thing, which causes major troubles to wild animals. Before humans, wolves ruled  northern Europe. Humans killed and exiled wolves to northern Russia.

Sugar-cane, sugar-beet and wood oil farming "employs" wild animals, animals are needed for CO2 creation and maintenance of  ecosystem. Enormous need for oil per capita prevents creation of dense human settlements into farmed areas. Commercial employment creates need and money for taking better care from wild animals and plants.

In principle it is possible, that humans ( African and South American vegetarians ) start to share the diet with wild meat eaters. You can start to keep antelopes, impalas and other pray species much like reindeers at the wild life areas. Let the wild animals kill and eat animals from half-wild herds as much as they wish and need. In Europe reindeer keeper gets compensation from the animals, which were killed and eaten by wildlings. Can apply the same policies to sugar-wood oil oriented half-wild, free cattle keeping.