Caterpillar harvesters and trailers

Machines uses the same engines as much as possible. Hot desert need special air filters and enhanced cooling. 
You cannot stop big heavy duty engines just like that. Engines need very low idle rpm for the long wait times.

The pillar and trailer got to have 2 to 3 meter ground clearance for sugarcane rows. Not a big problem with tracks. 
The height makes trailers emptying easy. You can open another side from the top, and let load fall into mover ( in good order ). Finally clean the floor from those, who didn't fall.

Tracks keep the surface pressures low. Top speed should be at least 20 km/h. 
Could use towed, but powered 1 000 ton trailer. You drop and pick the trailers from the swap point on the roadside. 

Harvester unit has around 5 meters tracks. It is 20 meters wide.  Long tracks are needed for lengthwise stability. 
The height of the table which collects canes is adjustable. Maybe from 1.5 to 3 meters.
Over the table there cabin, engine and others.

- - - -

Both caterpillar and pillar-car are steered with breaks. 

Harvester unit is not very heavy. Could be 2 000 - 5 000 kg. 

Harvester attaches "seamlessly" into trailer. They both turn as one vehicle. The 3 meter ground clearance is needed on sugarcane fields only.
On the fields you do steer the vehicle. You or steering control makes only small adjustment to the current direction.

When so you can make a double chassis system into both. There is lower and higher chassis. On the fields both lower and chassis are at 3 meter height.
When come out from the fields, you drop the lower chassis to the ground level. After you have dropped the lower chassis, you can turn the vehicle freely.

The lower chassis at the ground level takes the steering forces, and reduces the strength demands for the legs. 
Without dropped chassis, steering maneuvers would create enormous momentums to the legs and their mountings at 3 meter height.

Lowered chassis is actually a set of lowered beams. In the front and back you use single beam, the whole width.
Inside the trailer you use short beams, which fills the caps between legs. Each beam has four rods, two at the both ends.

Dimensioning the machinery

The plant needs 40x40x40 cm pit. Plants are 150 cm from each other. Empty space in between plants is 110 cm.
Pillars and trailers can have 50-60 cm track widths. Distance from one track to another is 150 cm.
The plant row width is only 40 cm. You can drive car on machinery tracks.

- The friction of tracks = 0.07 - 0.12. Railway friction is 0.001 - 0.002. Tire-asphalt = 0.01-0.015, Tire-sand 0.025, Tire-ground = 0.06
- The efficiency with what combustion engine based system transmits power to ground is around 0,2.

- Ground loads are valid only on soft surfaces. Weight and narrow tracks smoothens soft surface, prevents load peaks.
- On hard surface ( concrete, asphalt ) most from the massive 8 000 ton weight can gather onto few small 10 cm x 10 cm bumps.
- At low speeds, friction is heavily dependent on ground load.

- Tracks for trailer and pillar car are made from steel. Steel track transmits the power. The steel track can be covered with rubber track, which has better grip.
- Number of powered tracks comes from strength of track, one track can transmit only as much power than it lasts.
- Track power is engine power / number of powered tracks.
- When engine is sideways, the tracks are unbeatable in power transmission.

- Distances on the fields are big, you should use mobile systems as much as possible.
- If you increase sowing-harvesting speed and-or width, you should also increase trailer size and others. 

Cabins should be sound proofed, air conditioned, suspended, etc.

Trailers

Picture shows trailer as it is. During hill and pit climbing, trailer was shortened to 24 meter.
Height was raised to 12 meter standard. Tracks are divided to around 3 meter units with air suspension.
In order to survive from hills tracks suspension range must be 3 meters. When so harvester-trailer can climb over 30 degree bumps.
Air system is shared in lengthwise. Each track row has it's own suspension, so that the suspension doesn't boost tilts.
Without tilt control, the air escapes from lower side and increases tilt angle. In bumps and hills, the same escape system pushes the tracks up and down.
Besides 3 meter range, demands for air suspension are not very different from trucks.

Energy	41	MJ/kg		Barrel	158,987	liters		Shift hours	9
	41 000	kN / kg		Sugar weigh / m3	500	kg/m3		Weekly hours	108	hrs
	34 235	kN / liter		Steel	7 830	kg/m3		Yearly hours	4968	hrs
Trailer payload	1 500 000	kg		Friction	0,1			Average max load	800 000	kg
-trailers volume	3000	m3		Air resistance	0,8			Cruise speed	6	km/h
Ground clearance	3	m		Projection	179,00	m2		Average load	50	%
				Hill climbing	30	deg		Average hill	0	deg
Trailers Width	18	m		Top speed	60	km/h		+ Cruise Power	0	kW
Trailers Length	24	m						+ Load power	940	kW
				Own weight	525 000	kg		+ Hill Power	0	kW
Height for volume	6,94	m		Fuel tank	80 000	liters		Average power	1 176	kW
-area	432	m2		- mass	66 800	kg			1 599	HP
-load	3 472	kg/m2		+ Own Power	581	kW
Total height	9,94	m		+ Load power	1 472	kW		Fuel Efficiency	0,2
				+ Hill Power ( both )	1 026	kW		Fuel power	5 878	kW
Weight efficiency	0,35			+ Speed Power	331	kW			7 994	HP
- Total weight	2 025 000	kg						Energy consumption	21 161 742	kN / hour
- load	4 688	kg/m2		Axle power	3 410	kW
				Efficiency	0,8			Run time	9	h/ shift
Tracks				Engine power	4 262	kW		- Consumption	618	l / hour
Track Width	0,5	m			5 796	HP			5 563	l / shift
Track Length	24	m		Displacement					66 758	l / week
area per track	12	m2		RPM	1200				3 070 879	l / year
Tracks	12			- fuel Efficiency	0,2
area	144	m2		- fuel power	21 310	kN		Machines	2600
load	14 063	kg/m2		- fires / sec	10			Yearly to all	7 984 284 895	l / year
				- force/firing	2 131	kN			50 219 734	barrels
Powered tracks	4			- fuel for firing	51,9751	grams		Price
Track power	1 449	HP/track		- vaporized volume	25,9875	liters		Price / ton	5 000	USD
				- displacement	389,81	liters		- weight	525	tons
Wheel diameter	0,6	m						- price	2,63	millions
Wheel distance	0,1	m						- price from all	6,83	billions
Count	34,29

The table above shows spread sheet for trailer dimensioning. First column is dimensioning, second for max powers and third for fuel consumption.

Trailers width is limited by harvester unit. 
Each pillar needs two trailers, another one is emptied or filled, when the another is on the field. 

Idea is that you change trailer with one hour interval. Sugar cane gives good harvests, it sets heavy demand for payloads.

Boxes bottom must be shaped so, that it does not cut tall sugarcanes in turns, etc. The turning system for 50 meter vehicle is explained later.

Trailers have their own engines. Steering takes place in harvester unit.
Trailer has remote control for stand alone operating : at the swap point, green houses, etc.
The person at the swap point, can operate / move powered trailers.

Dimensioning trailer

When so, trailer width must be dimensioned with 1.5 meter base. 18 meter trailer chassis has 12 rows.
When caterpillar takes two, four or six rows, the balanced chassis for trailer goes also with even numbers.
If the pillar needs more width and track width, you split the tracks so, that they leave the plant rows free.
Odd dimensioning is difficult, if you have to tow the vehicle. Single chain is on plant row, which should be left alone.

18 x 24 meter bottom makes 432 m². 1 500 000 / 432 = 3 472 kg / m².

- Feet is 0,3 m * 0,1 m = 0,03 m² When you have two feet, the total area is 0,06 m². 
- If you weigh 70 kg, you load ground with 1 167 kg / m² and 11 445 N.
- 1.5 ton car has four 0,1 x 0,2 m surfaces. Their area is 0,08 m², the load is 18 000 kg/m² or 183 938 N.
- 30 ton truck has 2+4+4= 10 surfaces. Their width is 30 cm, length 20 cm ground load is 50 000 kg / m². 

12 tracks with 0.5 meter width increases ground load to 14 063 kg / m². 

- - - -

With 0,1 friction, the force for moving the trailer load is 14 072 kN.
Trailers own weight friction force raises to 581 kN.
Air resistance at 60 km/h top speed raises forces to 331 kN.
Hill power is kind of power reserve for the trailer.

These forces converts directly to axle power, which goes to 3 410 kW axle power.
With 20% tire and transmission losses trailer needs 5 800 hp engine.
With 80% fuel to track losses the energy contents of fuel is 28 400 HP. ( for max power )

Trailer consumes around 17 000 liters fuel / day. Around 8 billion liters per year.
Trailer needs around 80 000 liter fuel tank for weekly non-stop usage.
You use fuel tanks as beams and also for balancing the weight of an empty trailer.

Trailer without power plant, needs that you have tracks in all rows. Possibly longer than trailer.

From the 12 tracks only four must be powered. With two tracks maximum track power is 1 449 HP / track.
Others can roll on their own and use lighter tracks.

Trailer needs 2-3 meter ground clearance.
In actual trailer the wheels are almost invisible. They have supports on both sides, which hides the wheels.
Supports' covers prevent wheels from ripping leaves from canes.

When box is 2.5 meters high, the trailer is 20 meters wide, top is 5-6 meters from ground.
Theoretical maximum for tilt angle is as high as 59 degrees. ( fall of fully loaded trailer ).
When you have supports on both side, you can use crossbeams for improving strength in sideways.

Caterpillar cars

In hill climbing pillar got new dimensions and standard 12 m height.
Car is ( at least internally ) divided to four 20 x 30 meter boxes.
Boxes allow car to bend, when it goes over small bumps. Car has trailers air suspensioned 3x3m track units.
Module is capable of going over 24 degree bumps. With bending modules angle grows from that.
Max inner bending, before boxes collide is 12 degrees. Pillar car is a jeep / all terrain vehicle.
Suspension and modules reduces tensions and tiredness of the chassis.

During climb and weigh check both machines got payload upgrades for handling bigger than expected harvests.
Modules are big enough for carrying harvesters. When you move, you drive two trailers above each other.
In standard 3+3 harvester configuration, both cars have one free module for mover.

Energy	41	MJ/kg		Barrel	158,987	liters		Shift hours	9
	41 000	kN / kg		Sugar weigh / m3	500	kg / m3		Weekly hours	108	hrs
	34 235	kN / liter		Steel	7 830	kg/m3		Yearly hours	4968	hrs
Cars payload	10 000 000	kg		Friction	0,1			- average max load	5 333 333	kg
-volume	20 000	m3		Air resistance	0,8			Cruise speed	60	km/h
Ground clearance	3	m		Projection	453,33	m2		Average load	50	%
				Hill climbing	30	deg		Average hill	0	deg
Cars Width	40	m		Top speed ( loaded )	100	km/h		+ Cruise Power	840	kW
Cars Length	60	m						+ Load power	6 377	kW
				Own weight	3 500 000	kg		+ Hill Power	0	kW
- needs height	8	m		Fuel tank	800 000	liters		Average power	9 021	kW
- area	2 400	m2		- mass	668 000	kg			12 268	HP
- load	4 167	kg/m2		+ Own Power	4 089	kW
- total height	11,33	m		+ Load power	9 810	kW		Fuel Efficiency	0,2
				+ Hill Power ( both )	6 949	kW		Fuel power	45 104	kW
Weight efficiency	0,35			+ Speed Power	3 887	kW			61 342	HP
- Total weight	13 500 000	kg						Energy consumption	162 374 854	kN / hour
- load	5 625	kg/m2		Axle power	24 735	kW
				Efficiency	0,8			Run time	4	h/ shift
Tracks				Engine power	30 919	kW		- Consumption	4 743	l / hour
Track Width	0,5	m			42 049	HP			18 972	l / shift
Track Length	40	m		Displacement					227 662	l / week
- area per track	20	m2		RPM	1200				10 472 431	l / year
Tracks	26			- fuel Efficiency	0,2
- area	520	m2		- fuel power	154 593	kN		Machines	900
- load	19 231	kg/m2		- fires / sec	10			Yearly to all	9 425 187 955	l / year
				- force/firing	15 459	kN			59 282 759	barrels
Powered tracks	26			- fuel for firing	377,0551	grams		Price
- track power	1 617	HP/track		- vaporized volume	188,5276	liters		Price / ton	3 000	USD
				- displacement	2 827,91	liters		- weight	3 500	tons
Wheel diameter	0,6	m						- price	10,50	millions
Wheel distance	0,1	m		Trailer	1 500 000	kg		- price from all	9,45	billions
- count	57,14			- fills	7
- all tracks	1 485,71			Trailer, average	800 000	kg
				- fills	13

Latest idea in this is, that you change and empty car every hour. And that car can take load from 8 trailers.
During hour six harvesters collects 6 000 tons and eight  8 000 tons. So the caterpillar car has to be at least 8 000 tons.
In the table there is 10 000 ton car. Car must always be wider and longer than it is high.

Pillar car needs big ground clearance for air suspension.

Car runs with around 30-80 km/h speed. With 60 km/h speed, maximum 15 km trip to railway, takes 15 minutes, with return half an hour.
- When I calculated top speeds, 30 km/h top speed needed 11 000 HP engine powers, 80 km/h needs 12 000 HP for full load.

The clumsy car should have steering system for both directions. When you change the direction, you do not turn the car, but yourself.

Tracks gets an air suspension, similar to trailer. Top speed should be 160 km/h or 100 mph.
Without load 42 000 HP engine power is enough for over 170 km/h top speed.

AIR RESISTANCE

- When you calculate air resistance forces with energies and per second basis, you should use 0.5 * c_w * A * v³.
- When you calculate pillar cars max speed with official air resistance force formula and power of 2 speed, top speed raises to over 2 000 km/h.
- Someone has obviously missed the whole idea about the forces and powers. Force is always the power you need for 1 second time.

In the picture you see basics for air-resistance. When you increase the speed, the time you have for compressing, shortens all the time.
Since you are compressing volume, the speed effects to the required compressing speed with power of 3.

Cw factor is actually the angle system, with what the object raises up. The angle has strong effect to the required compression speed.
In the back, all you have to do is to minimize under pressures, which effects to body. Turbulences and smells you left behind are insignificant.

Vehicles engine powers are also incorrectly stated. HP and kW are actually horse powers per second and kilowatts per second. Or kilo Newtons per second.

HILL CLIMBING FAILURE - June 1st, 2019

In fully loaded harvester 5 degree hill doubles the required engine powers.  10 degree hill triples the required powers.
In the picture you see the mountains ... you have to climb with earlier angles and powers.

The huge hike comes from the lack of friction factor in the formula : 
- Sin for 5 degree is 0.09. When so, the hill should add the required force only by 9%, not 100 %
- Sin for 10 degree is 0.17, and the hill should add the required force only by 17%, not 200 %

ACCELERATION FORCE FOR MOVING OBJECT - June 2nd, 2019

Almost right after the mounting climbing, ended into problems with acceleration.
Sowing machine stops and starts with 20 second interval ... blank space in the books ... how to estimate required engine powers and fuel consumption ?

The acceleration force comes from the power you use in one second. In upper chart, you make the acceleration in 6 seconds, in lower 11 seconds.
The triangle comes from the difference in speeds. And the force with Sin. 

Acceleration force is hill like addition, the force is merely a multiplier to rolling and air resistances.

Acceleration	Angle	Sin	Time	Force
Upper	45	0,71	6	4,24
Lower	27	0,45	11	4,99

Oops. Faster acceleration results to smaller force than slow acceleration.
The difference comes from the time you spend to acceleration.

Acceleration	Angle	Sin	Time	Force
Upper	45	0,71	6	4,24
Lower	27	0,45	6	2,72

During 6 second time, faster acceleration needs 4.24 N and slower 2.72 N.
Difference in fuel consumption comes from the distance, vehicle moves during the acceleration.

The diagram is for slow sowing machine, when deal with faster vehicles, you must add increase air resistance force into calculation.

- - - -

If you look at the diagram, you can see that, speed is objects kinetic energy at moment X. With acceleration you increase and decrease the energy.
Weight / mass is needed in collisions and other acceleration / braking calculations. Non-powered roll is one form of negative acceleration.

In horizontal ( on ground ) move gravitational acceleration is 0, gravity affects via friction. Friction results into negative gravitation, which resists the speed.

In liquids and air gravitational force is non-zero. You play with viscosity.

This Acceleration force system is brand new thing in physics and car's dynamics.

Start up forces

There is only one friction for each surface-object system. Start up force comes from air pressure. It is around 10 N / cm².
For 1 m²  front projection it could be 10N * 10 000 = 100 000 N or less.
Private car's front is around 1.5 x 1.5 = 2.25 m2  The start up force is 225 kN.

Exception to the single friction rule is soft surface, into which object sinks.
On soft surface object sinks until the density-strength system grows so much, that it can carry ground load.

When you use force system, objects do not have centrifugal forces and momentum. They are embedded into forces vector system.

- - Soils viscosity, pit creation - -

This start up force misses soil's viscosity. When you stop the vehicle, it always digs a small hole to it.
Hole digging must continue until soil is capable of carrying the ground load from a wheel.
When ground load is 15 tons / m3, soil's pressure-area system must match the ground load. 

In solid materials we use Poisson number for viscosity. Poisson number tells the ratio of expansion, in between width and length.
Poisson number is accompanied with bounce factor. Bounce factor tells the amount of expansion in length. 
- These 2 measured values have two ready made derivates. Slide and compression factors are calculated with Poisson number and bounce factor.

Soils viscosity has never been measured, other values hints, that soil's viscosity is 10 - 25%.  Steel and metals expand around 30% in sideways.
Asphalt / tarmac could be around 25%, concrete-cement is 10 - 20 %.

Bounce factor for soil varies a lot. Cool asphalt-tarmac could be 2 000 - 5 000 MPa ( = 2 000 000 - 5 000 000 kN ),
cement-concrete is 10 000 - 40 000 MN. Steel is around 200 000 MN, iron cast is around 160 000 MN.

In simplified system, where the depth is one meter : When you push tarmac down with 5 000 MN force-pressure system, the system creates 75 cm pit into road.
When the ground force is private cars 15 000 kg/m2, the pit in cool tarmac is 0.03 mm. On very warm day tarmac can fall to tracks, without hole.
- when you calculate pit with 25% viscosity 75% goes to length and 25 % to sides.

When private car leaves visible 1.5 cm deep tracks, soil's bounce factor is around 10 000 kN. Tracks without visible hole ( 1.5 mm ), needs around 100 000 kN bounce factor.
Invisible track ( 0.15 mm ) needs 1 000 000 kN bounce factor. Stuck in the mud ( in over 15 cm pit ) goes down from 1 000 kN bounce factor.

After you get the pit, you use the hill force formula. The angle comes from wheels radius.

From the above desert sand has 100 000 kN and good soil 10 000 kN bounce factors.

Soil misses speed factors for the escape and compression, just like water and air.
Moving vehicle creates the pit to the area, it moves in one second.
- Width comes from summed wheel widths, the length comes from speed. The force comes from gravitation.
- The pit depth and force are dependent on speed. Speed reduces the depth.

- - - -

When you deal with soil, it hardly ever breaks. Only a hill can fall down under pressure.
Due to this, soil's bounce factor varies rather independently from density. Desert sand for example weighs a lot, but the small and hard particles makes the bouncing easy.

In more accurate system, the pit creation factor = F / (A*E), where E is bounce factor, A is area, F is gravitational force per wheel.
When you down, the force falls with viscosity. With 25% viscosity, on ground 10 000 N force is 2 500 N at one meter.

---

Dimensioning

The harvesters forwards 40 meters per hour. 

Estimated that harvester trailer would follow trucks trailer, and the weight efficiency would 0.35.
When so, car could weight 3 500 tons and fully loaded 800 000 liter tanks 700 tons.

With 0,1 friction, the force for moving the pillar car is around 14 000 kN.
For 100 km/h speed with 0.8 Cw and 450 m2 projection needs 3 900 kN

Required engine for fully loaded 100 km/h missile is 42 000 hp.

Pillar car runs half of time with full load and without load. Average load is 50%.
Pillar car speed is around 60 km/h : Average air resistance force to beat is  840 kN.
- these two totals to 9 021 kN.

With 20 % fuel efficiency, car consumes 162 374 854 kN fuel power in one hour.
Such amount of energy comes with 4 743 liter consumption per hour.
In one working week car needs 230 000 liters fuel, car is not in the move all the time.

Harvester and sowing teams need 900 pillar cars. They burn 9.5 billion liters oil in one year.

With harvesters 8b consumption total is 18 billion liters a year.
Estimated machinery cost for harvesting, without trains, is around $15 billions.

When all 20 tracks are powered, car's track power is 622 HP / track.

Weights

Boxes for trailers, cars and trains are not very heavy. You can make bottom from 1-2 mm steel plates.
Sides can be very light. Steel net would for example do. Sides are needed when vehicle tilts, these machines hardly ever tilts much.

Chassis for towed trailer must be strong. Powered trailer and pillar car does not need strong beam systems.

One mm bottom plate for trailer would be around 6 tons. Nets are around 200 kg. With supports around 1 000 kg. With nets the box would be around 7 tons.
Engine and transmission 5 tons, feet for 12 tracks could be 50 tons, tracks and wheels around 10 tons. Totals to 70 tons : 60-80 tons with 1 000 ton payload.

1 mm bottom plate for pillar car is 3.2 m³. It weighs 25 000 kg. Car could weigh around 100-150 tons. And the payload is 8 000 tons.

The light construction makes the vehicles relatively cheap. When compared to for example ships and trains.

Tracks and powers

Since trailer and harvester must have at least 2 meter ground clearance, you could use system,  where each powered track has it's own engine.
You can place the engine, gear box and transmission to ground level. Engine and gear box are in the top.
Below them goes shaft. Shaft has leads to powered wheels, with 10 meter distance.
System divides the engine power into powered wheels evenly. With 10 meter distance and 4 powered wheels 2 000 hp engine produces 500 hp wheel powers.
Each powered wheel reduces efficiency, so you should not use too many powered wheels. Power axles ... shafts length is insignificant.
Wheels are powered from both sides. Engine can be 70 - 80 cm wide. Legs are always completely covered, so that they don't hurt plants.

Besides load, system creates momentum forces to the tops of the legs. Harvester and trailer are slow vehicles, momentum forces are marginal.
The harvester-trailer is moved with pillar car, it fits into car's box.

When trailer tilts, the most significant force hits the outmost track. If outmost track collapses, the fully loaded trailer collapses.
When so, you must put the power to the outmost tracks. Powered leg is stronger because of the power demands, already.
When you have strong outer tracks, demand for inner tracks is to carry the ground load with small tilt.
Tracks without power must be suspended, so that they do not lift the powered tracks into air. System allows you to put springs also to power tracks.

Star engine would be ideal for the legs and tracks.
- Max displacement for single leg engine is 7 * 3.14 * 5 x 5 x 5 ~ 2 500 liters. 
- It burns 180 liters fuel during one firing stroke.
- This engine is only 70 cm wide, 60 cm long and around 1.2 meter high. 

These machines are not armored tanks, you cannot drive fully loaded machine over edge, and wait until the front falls to ground. Such breaks the body.

Sample for calculating displacement

In principle, with maximum fuel power you can estimate required displacement for an engine. 
Old pillar car's engine power was 13 000 kW, with 20 % fuel efficiency it raises to 65 000 kW.

If rpm is 1 200, one cylinder fires 600 times a minute. It means 10 fires per second.
The fuel-energy you have to burn in one stroke is 6 500 kN.
Fuel's energy contents is 37 000 kN per kg, you need 175.68 grams fuel for one firing stroke.

When you vaporize fuel, density falls to around 2 kg per cubic meter.
Volume grows to 87.84 liters  ( 175,68 g / 2000 g = 0,08784 m3 ).
When fuel-air ratio is 1:14. The fuel liters must be multiplied with the ratio.

It makes 1 300 liters total displacement.

Fueling

Machines are fueled once a week. Last shift of the week drives all machines to railroad. During weekend fuel train circles the fields and fills the tanks.

Harvester unit needs around 80 000 liter tank, pillar car around 300 000 liter tank.

Harvester and trailers legs have lots of space for tanks. Above each track there 1 m x 2 m space.

Cabins

The rest room and toilet are in the front of pillar car. If engine takes 10 meters, cabin 2 meters, you have still 25 meters left from the width.
You cannot steer 60 meter vehicle for long from the back. In the back there is small one man cabin. Air conditioned, etc.
Also possible to build bedroom to the front.

You can also have a small rest room and toilet in harvester. Cabin for two or more takes only 3-4 meters from the width. Bedroom is also possible.
Cabin level must be over the highest canes, cutter table is always below the cabin and the bridge.

By default team gathers to coffee and lunch breaks. With an exception of pillar car driver, who is emptying the car at train.

Field Buggy

Field buggy is light weight vehicle, with you can catch harvesters. Buggy is also used for fixing watering system and moving plant rows in general.
Buggy is 3 meters wide and around 3 meters long. 1.5 meter width is not enough for over 3 meter height. 

Buggy has motor bike like power and suspension system at the end of the legs. It weighs around 500 kg with driver.
Lengths of legs can be adjusted and locked. You can drive in both ways.

The bridge in harvester must extend to trailer width from both sides. You anchor the buggy to harvester from the next or previous slice. Last row in them.
When so, bridge must overpass the watering system.

The bridge in harvester has telescopic steal spikes, you push the spikes into coned holes in the buggy. After spikes reaches bottom, buggy raises it's wheels from the ground.

Standard buggy for break-time drivers has air conditioned cabin in the middle. Fully open top ( platform ) is possible for temporal usage. Desert fields are so hot.

Railway

You might want to build the railways with standard axle widths. When you do this, the long railways can be used as part of national and continental railway network. Then the system makes it easy to transport things and people in and out from the fields.

Train gets stuff from two teams. 12 harvesters collects 12 *  8000 = 96 000 tons a shift. 16 harvesters does better, 128 000 tons a shift. 384 000 tons a day.
The length of railroad block is 6 km and width 30 km. Train is loaded from the center of block. Train can move freely 3 kilometers to both directions.

In the new system you can bring almost as many cars as you wish to the cell box. There is almost always only one team, who works in the box.
You can build a system, where you have two car rows. Empty and loaded. After car is full, you push and connect it to the loaded cars.
Then you drag new empty car to the load point. You don't need locomotive at the fields. You can operate single cars with for example caterpillar.

In railway system you move closer to refinery all the time. After train is full, it drives directly to refinery.  It is a non stop drive. 
The speed is around 60 km/h. With 60 km/h speed one train can go and return from 270 kilometer distance in one shift / 9 hours..
- Trip to 270 km distance takes 4.5 hours, return another.

If you use common 60 ton railroad cars, one railroad block needs 1 200 cars / shift. 3 600 in total.
With 15 meter length, the train would be 18 and 36 kilometer long. Max length is 3 kilometers. 
You must always be capable of moving the train so, that the empty car is at pillar cars drop point.

Double track trains

Spread sheets from cars and trains - heights for cargo space Sugar train     Sugar weigh / m3 500 kg / m3 Width 8,00 m Height 7,00 m Max length 3 000 m       Axles 4   Car length 22 m Car space 2 m - effective length 20 m - effective area 160,00 m2 - effective volume 1 120,00 m3 - max weight 560 000 kg - max axle load 140 000 kg       actual length 2992 m - cars 136   Trains payload 76 160 000 kg

Oil train oil's density 0,835 kg/liter - for cubic meter 835 kg / m3 Barrel 158,987   - weight of barrel 132,75 kg/barrel       Width 8,00 m Height 7,00 m Max length 3 000 m       Axles 4   Car length 15 m Car space 2 m - effective length 13 m - effective area 104,00 m2 - effective volume 728,00 m3 - max weight 607 880 kg - max axle load 151 970 kg       actual length 3000 m - Cars in length 200   - Trains payload 121 576 000 kg - Barrels 915 798 barrels

Trash train Trashes density 0,4 kg/liter - for cubic meter 400 kg / m3                   Width 8,00 m Height 11,00 m Max length 3 000 m       Axles 4   Car length 15 m Car space 2 m - effective length 13 m - effective area 104,00 m2 - effective volume 1 144,00 m3 - max weight 457 600 kg - max axle load 114 400 kg       actual length 3000 m - Cars in length 200   - Trains payload 91 520 000 kg - trash tons 91 520 tons

Axle weights in the table are actually for pair of axles. Most existing railroads carries double track trains without problems.
Load for single axle is the table load per 2.

Double track train needs two common railroads with 2 meter space in between.
So the typical width is 3+2+3 = 8 meter. Max width is 4+2+4 = 10 meters.

The train collects harvest from one railway-block shift. Refinery gets around 500 trains per day.
It makes 20 trains per hour. So you need 20-25 platforms for unloading the trains in an hour.

Each train needs 136 cars, then you need 450 trains, with 136 cars.
The final train count is dependent on fields distance to refinery.

If you order canes to 500 kg/m³,  the space requirement for shift is 144 000 m³.
The distance in between cars is around 1 meter. In double track distance is 2 meters.
If you use 20 meter car, and standard 8 meter width, the floor area is 160 m². 
Exact length of car set is 2 992 meters.

Train can have wheels at the ends of car ... corners, only.

One pillar car needs 15 railway cars for emptying, two cars needs 30 cars.

- -  Calculations - -

Trains set the minimum and optimum sizes for refinery and surrounding field area.

Railroad log is around 20 cm x 2 meters. There are 10 cm + 20 cm + 20 cm  logs in one meter. Log area for one meter is 0,5 m x 2 m  = 1 m².
In double track system, you obviously use 8 meter logs. Long logs keep tracks straight and improves ground load capability.

You build railroads to 150 000 kg  load.

The calculated engine power for 160 km/h speed with full load is 5 300 hp. So the engine could have 6 000 hp power plant.
With 80 km/h average fuel consumption is 500 liters per hour, 70 000 liters in week.

With 450 trains, the yearly fuel consumption is only around 1.4 billion liters.

Total fuel consumption is around 13 billion liter a year. Little more than days production.

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Railroad network

The actual railroad has always at least four tracks. The cars wait loads on the another track. The mover for active side, throws the load over the open double track system.

The sidetrack needs connections to main track for each block. You drop the empty cars to side track from farther switch and take the filled cars from closer-to-refinery switch.

Besides locomotive the train needs remote cabin for driving the train from the other end. So, that you can for example push the empty cars back to fields.

Railroad needs walls in everywhere, steel nets. Wildlife areas crosses the railroads. You got to build bridges, so that animals can pass the walled railroad.
Each railroad-block is surrounded by wildlife areas. Railroad block is the smallest fully functional / independent system on the fields. It is 60 km x 6 km = 360 km².

Double track - dimensions

In the picture you see double-track system. The picture is for the system for busy line.
- There is 3rd double-track for fast passenger trains.

Double track uses single axle width all over the world. Possibly West-European or US width. Numbers are not final.

When you switch into double track from other width, all you have to do is to change axles for existing machinery.
For a simultaneous usage you need axles, which can be adjusted and locked to both widths.
Swap is simple, you open locks and drive train through railway part, which adjusts the width. After that you lock the axles.

System is built so, that the tracks can be used anyway you wish. You can drive on red-red and red-blue tracks.
- Run local passenger trains on the sides. And fast long distance trains in the middle.

Standard 8 meter car leaves 2 meter distance to car on next track, 10 meter car cannot pass another 10 meter car. 

When you upgrade two-way railway to double track, you do not have to build tracks side by side like in the picture.
You can for example expand local railway system with double track.
If the current 2 way railway comes to town from east, the 2nd and new double track line could come through western districts.

All those oil-trash trains need, is one clear double track, with 150 - 160 ton maximum axle load. Most trains circles the towns and countries ... oil and trash storages.
Only a big city has enough need and storages for full trainloads.

Steel wheel  - Steel track is the most efficient way to travel. Friction is 1/10th from good highway.
Logs are cheap, easy fix / change.  They allow railway live. Railway with wooden logs can move and suspend the mass in all three directions.
Stiff cement log gets broke very easily. Steel log system is an alternative for wooden log.

Double track wheels.

Double track axle has rotating mounting point in the middle of car. Wheels are connected to point with single stiff axle. Other supports for car are rolling supports.
Rolling support allows axle to move in lengthwise position. The actual wheels are connected to double axle with common rotating double wheel system.

Car can have as many rolling supports as needed. Horizontally rolling support gives as much strength as mounted support.
During turn axles movements are small, but they must be handled. Otherwise either track or car gets broke very quickly.

On ideal, perfect railway you do not need second rotator, such does not exist. 
You can also mount the left and right sides of axles to the center rotator so, that axles can move a little in sideways.
In towed railway car, wheels are the only rolling things.

System works just like common single track wheel system. Two rotating systems allows double width wheel-axle system to search their places and angles freely.
Only change, common double track railway needs for double track support, is long logs and fixed distance in between two tracks.

Movers at refinery

At refinery you can use long underground belt-movers. On both sides of track. After trains stops, you open both sides from the top, and let the lad fall into underground movers. 
After load has fallen, you clean the cars with piston. Piston pushes the remainder to mover on the other side. After the car set is unloaded, you move train to the next full car.

On the fields it is possible to use similar kinds of mobile systems for emptying the trailers and pillar cars.

Canes are long, stiff rods, not very difficult to build ordering systems for them.

Refinery

One type of sugar refinery is almost like oil distiller. Water vapor is twice as light as liquid, commercial products. 0.6 kg / m³ is at the same level with city gas and others. So you have to change the gas collector so, that you liquidize water before collecting gas from the tower. After collection, you use the water to liquidize more sugar. Don't see a reason, why it could not work.

This sugar refinery produces bitumen, heavy and light fuels, diesel and petrol and city gas. It does not produce substitute for ground oil.

I do not see a reason, why you would settle for oil and water only. It requires two warm ups. Ground oil sets into fire more easily than oil based fuels. Difference in volumes is not very big.

This type needs double track railway network for oil deliveries.

You can build oil train ferries for crossing water. Like for example from Korea to Japan, from Australia to China, and so on.

Max length for ship is around 300 meters. Width around 100 meters. There aren't harbors for bigger ships.

200 x 100 meter ferry could have 150 meter long rails. To 90 meter width you get 10 pair of rails.
Now you have half from the train in your ferry. Another half is still lying on the beach ... in the sun  ... not a problem. 

You can build multi floor ferries. 
So, that you drive cars to lowest level, then you wait until ferry goes down then you load next set of car to next floor and so on.
You must remember to drive the locomotive to the top floor : you always reverse the train into ferry. 

At other end you push the first car set away from ship. Then you pass the set with locomotive and turn it around.
After that you can start to re-construct the train. Add-on cargo cars are in the train in the destination order. 
You drop the add-on cargo cars into same place than oil / trash cars. They are in the back only in talks.

To 12 meter displacement, you get 2 floors. One below water and another at water level.
Standard double track railway car height is 7 + 1 meters. One meter for wheels and chassis. Maximum height is around 12 meters.

With two floors the 200x100 meter ferry carries the whole train.  Fully loaded train weighs around 132 000 tons. 
One cubic meter air gives hull one ton advantage against water : one cubic meter water weighs one ton.

- From hauled oil ton you get theoretical 165 kg / ton discount. It comes from the difference in density.
- When you pack 66 000 tons trashes to same space than 66 000 tons oil, the lift and air space remains unchanged.
- If 12 meter displacement is too much, you can increase the hull size, length or width. Ferry has already air spaces and high 1st floor.

If oil consumption grows to over 800 million barrels a day, you cannot deliver enough oil with tankers.
Train allows you to build storages for local gas stations, as much as needed ... almost with where-ever you wish principle.

- - - -

Before millennium person with western lifestyle consumed almost 0.1 barrels or 16 liters oil in one day.  Mostly indirectly, via businesses and cargo.
There was and is around 600 million people, who lives with full western lifestyle. Consumption was 77 million barrels a day. 

Year 2006 was the first ever, when known global oil reserves shrank. Not a very big sensation anymore.

- - - -

Typical cargo-ferry has hotel room level cabins to around 2 000 passengers. Tickets are very cheap. Especially in oil ferries, whose cargo space is always "sold out".
You can make cheap one day shopping trips from China to Japan and vise versa. Then they have space for private cars, you can go to see Australia with your own car and so on.

Ocean crossers

Ships with what you cross oceans can be bigger than ferries, and even bigger than old super tankers.
When you have the liquid oil in cars, the maximum movement is around 1 meter in sideways, 2 meters lengthwise.

One ship can carry 5 or more trains. 5 * 122 000 tons makes 610 000 GWT.

You build 7 or more deep water harbors for the crossers. 
- You need one harbor in Arabia, Australia, China and Europe.
- North America needs two. One for Pacific and another for Atlantic crossers. South America possibly one for Atlantic in Brazil.
- Africa needs one harbor for Atlantic in the north, possibly also in south. In the east you can share the harbor with Arabia.

These harbors are made so, that you can empty and load the ship "in the blink of an eye".
After unloading, the train continues to the final destination.

You could build the harbor to deep bay. You always reverse the ship to the platform. 
And anchor the front to the platform farther in the bay or at the ocean side.

You have 280-300 meter wide and over 600 meter long ships, with 24 double track rails per floor inside.
On the platform you have rails for tracks in the ships. You unload one floor at the time.
With 500 meter width one train goes onto six rails. You get four trains per floor.

This harbor can load and unload one ship per day. 230 per year.
If average one way trip is 10 000 km and speed 60 km/h, the travel time is 167 hours and 7 days.
When so, one harbor can handle 75 ships a year. One ship could cost £1.236 billions a piece.
System with harbors could be somewhere near neat $130 billions.

Could build few football stadiums or holiday resort to the deck.

- - Safety - -

Both ocean crossers and ferries are safe, although low, their weigh centers are below water surface. Then the cargo does not move.
Railroad cars prevents for example liquid oil from floating with waves / ship. In fully loaded oil car movement in both ways is less than one meter.
Then you can build a simple system, which locks the cars into rails. Prevents them falling when ship tilts. Prevention of longitudinal movement is kind of built in feature.

? Ferry is the safest passenger ship. When miraculous Category 1 Winter Hurricane hit Finland and Sweden in fall 2018 ... or was it fall 2017, there was around 10 ferries on the sea. Ships swayed around 30 degrees in both directions. Cargo was trashed and people terrified, but these ferries far from the danger of sinking. Ferry doesn't roll over, when it sinks to waves, it takes water into hull. And falls into sea. Ferry is around 30 meters above sea level. When you go to sight seeing deck at the top in normal weather and waves, you do not notice swaying.

- - - -

Places for harbors are selected with ocean depths and accessibility via ground.
- Ships do not necessarily get very popular amongst people.
- They don't need awful many cabins for passengers.

- - Hulls for the ships - - 

All fishes have sharp noses, shark has horizontal knife in it's nose. It opens the route in vertical position. Fish opens it in horizontal position.

Best shape for ship's front is also knife. From the top to the bottom. Knife opens a route to the sea, as efficiently as possible. 
After the route is opened, the length is rather insignificant. In theory pressure against straight hull lowers with distance.
Twists and curves creates disturbances to the balanced pressure system, the front makes for the ship.

Cannot understand why modern ships have the rounded balls in the front under the water. It increases the forces you need for opening the route into sea, quite a lot.
The best way to penetrate into water is low, sharp and light front. In water you push water into 3 directions. To the sides and bottom.
Low and sharp front optimizes flows to all three directions. Very common style in the vintage ships and boats.

The falling pressure allows you to widen the hull with the length, until the pressure falls to common level.
After that you can continue as long as you wish.
In the back the narrowing should be balanced so, that there aren't any under pressure systems. 
When you narrow the rear too quickly, the water does not have enough time to fill the hole, which comes from narrowing.
Fast narrowing creates a force, which drags the ship backwards.

In principle you should take water to propels from the knife part in the front, it reduces the amount of water, ship has to move.
In the back, you should continue the tube for propel so much that the turbulencing water does not mess the hulls pressure system.
Good hull leaves only one wave, it comes from the knife in the front. 

With tubes for propels in the front-knife, ideal hull doesn't leave waves. Turbulences from the propels only.
Tubes allows you to use underwater paddle-propels.

Hydrodynamics is almost exact match to aerodynamics. The earlier air-resistance system for cars works also in water.
- You calculate the water resistance with side projection for the area in the water. Then you fix it with shapes hydrodynamic factor.
- After speed exceeds 15-20 knots, you have to calculate also air resistance for over-water body.

Plane has boat like pressure-lowers-with-length system. In plane this is negative thing, in long plane the rear falls with falling pressure.

Sugar train costs and calculations + Trash plants at sugar oil fields

Double track trains are so long and heavy, that they cannot have crossings. They need over and underpasses.
The maximum 3 km length comes from oil trains. Longer trains need specially designed yards and platforms.
Possible that they use longer trains on the fields and refineries.

The new 150 ton axle load can also be used to speed. In for example curves heavy and slow train causes as much side forces than fast and light train.

If you want fast passenger trains to double tracks. They usually need separate tracks or pre planning at the shares routes. 

For one day's 80 million barrel production you need 88 oil trains. 
If they spend two weeks on the road, you need 1 232 sugar trains. Farms have more, over 3 000 double track sugar trains.

Delivery 800 million production needs 12 232 trains on the tracks all the time. They come and go from various locations. They never stop.

- - Double Track train costs - -

One sugar train can carry 122 000 tons,  it consumes around 34 000 liters fuel a day. It can travel 24 h * 60 km = 1440 km a day. 
Fully loaded train needs around 5 500 HP power plant. 

With 50 cents a liter, fuel cost for one day is $17 019. Two drivers around $822. It makes $20 580 running costs for day.
Train could cost 20 millions. It makes $2 740 a day. Total is $21 000 a day, 18 cents per ton and 2.3 cents per barrel.

- With 10 cent per kilowatt hour electricity for one day costs $4 000. Electricity raises railways construction and maintenance costs a lot.

In a week cost is $147 000. Train travels 11 000 km a week. Cost per ton for one week is $1.21. Oil, soil, trashes or fertilizers. 
One ton has 7,53 oil barrels.  Week's transportation of one oil barrel is around 16 cents. One train can carry 915 827 barrels.

- - Cost and prices for double track network - -

Capital cost from double-track railway is heavily dependent on the number of trains, that uses the track. 
If you have 30 000 km lines for Europe and Asia and one kilometer costs $5 000 000, the network costs $150 billions.
You have 88 trains, with 122 ton load, which are on the road, 365 days a year. 5% interest makes $7.5 billions a year.

- For 88 trains capital cost is 85.3 millions a train in one year. Daily cost for 88 trains is $233 499.

- When you divide $233 499 to 121 576 tons, price is $1.92 per ton and $13.44 per week.
- In barrels price for a day is 26 cents and week is $1.79.

Total delivery cost for barrel is $0.28 cents a day and $1.90 for a week,
Total delivery cost for others is $2 per ton and one week is $15 per ton.

? It is possible to upgrade ships and use dedicated ships with sugar-refinery's products.

Trash plants and hybrid train

Trashes double track transportation from at least shorter distances is possible. Oil price affects heavily to costs.
Dry ashes are cheap to transport.

Towing systems in the front and estimated to 1 meter from both sides ( 2 meter distance to next car ).

For the system, where you haul oil and bring trashes back, you need cars, whose tanks can be opened from the top. Like in the picture.
Inside the car there is plastic oil bag. Then car has 4 meter folded sides on the top, over the oil cover.

After you have unloaded the oil, you take the car-row into trash point. Drop the cars, and start to drag a loaded car-row.
At trash point the folded sides are opened, and the oil space removed.
After car is loaded at  trash point, the oil space is "dropped" in upside down position over the trashes, and oil cap over it.

On the way to refinery's trash plant, train drops the oil space and cap to refinery. It continues to trash plant, where the car is unloaded.

The oil space is not allowed to be in contact with trashes.
- cars and oil space need a washing automate for cleaning messes. You wash both upside down, wheels up.
- The water you use for washing is vaporized / cleaned in trash plant.

These oil-trash cars are rather small, oil limited the length, longer car exceeds the maximum axle loads.
Hybrid train carries 91 512 tons trashes. These cars can be used for hauling water and liquid chemicals, too.

In single track railway car heights are 3/2 from width, curves are rounded for this. When so Double track can have 12 meter cars.
For 11 meter cargo space, 150 ton axle load and 3 km length maximum trash load is 94 500 tons. It comes with 19,5 meter cars.

Double track trains and ships : Other usages :

Car delivery

Car train
Cars length	5	m
Car width	2	m
Car height	1,7	m
Car weight	1 500,00	kg
Width	8,00	m
Height	11,00	m
Max length	3 000	m
Axles	4
Car length	42	m
Car space	2	m
- effective length	40	m
- boxes lng	8
- boxes wdt	4
- floors	6
- count	192
- max weight	288 000	kg
- max axle load	72 000	kg
actual length	2982	m
- Cars in length	71
- Cars total	13 632	pcs
- Trains payload	20 448 000	kg

Double track train is cheap way deliver new cars and recycle old cars over the borders.
One full height 42x8 meter double track car can have 4*8 cars per level. Then it can have 6 levels. 
In total one car can have 192 cars, new or old. This railway car weighs 288 tons.

If one used car weighs 1.5 tons, delivery from Germany to China costs $30 ( with additional cargo-car in oil-train ).
When you recycle old cars to poorer countries, it is easier to sell new cars to the people in wealthier countries.
Cheap prices above are valid only for 122 000 ton oil and trash trains.

With one fully loaded train, you can ( in theory ) haul 48 000 cars with one delivery.
71 full height railway cars can take around 13 500 automobiles. 
13 500 cars a day, matches to 3 million car yearly production. Train should be big enough for most.
Weekly train would suit to 2 500 cars daily production.

Without capital cost deliveries could be offered free. One days costs $17.86, week makes $125.

Orient Express

A passenger train with 300 km/h cruising speed needs 4 days to a trip from Paris-France to Being-China. Without stops, it moves 3 600 km a day. 
The total cost is 4 * $167 771 = $1 017 998. Ticket to train with 1 000 passengers could be somewhere near $1 500.

But the $167 771 daily cost is for 52 orient express trains and 88 oil trains with their multiples only.
2 000 active users / trains downgrades the capital cost to $10 000 per day. Not a very big challenge to continent wide railroad network.
When so, the running cost for Orient Express falls to $125 096 and the ticket price would fall to $200.

Trams and local trains have almost the same ticket price system Orient Express. Capital cost's share from ticket price is big.
Underground is very expensive to build, capital costs share from ticket price should be enormous. 
- Both Underground and Tram misses incomes from cargo. In most countries losses are covered with tax-money.
- In the new shopping system, part from local deliveries move to railways. In the system you get stuff from local shops with mall-prices.

Others

Double track train and ship has lots of potential customers. Great deal comes from the companies, who mines or manufactures raw materials. And sells their stuff in tons.
There are companies which manufactures steel, sawmill and paper products. Besides oil companies, coal mines can get a good delivery system for their products.

120 000 ton portion can be delivered to almost anywhere via double track's train-ferry-ship system. System is simple and cheap. You load the cars and send them to your customers. 
Goal is that both ferry and ship, would reach oil trains 30 knot / 60 km/h cruising speed. When they do that, shipping is much like crossing a guarded border.
- Two short stops, when the train is loaded and unloaded from the ferry or ship.

Railroads at farms

At farms railroad construction is cheaper than elsewhere. 

Only expensive things are over and underpasses for wildlife. 10 - 20 meter high underpasses and tunnels are the safest and cheapest. Animals are so much lighter. Overpasses for animals are easiest from these two. Both can be made from big elements, concrete or steel. In between elements the road-railroad-tube system comes to daylight and goes to next element. 

Area at least in Africa is getting giraffes and elephants. They live in the neighborhood. Giraffe is around 6 meters high, elephant weighs 8 tons. Elephants lives in groups, there can be over 10 elephants on the tunnel or underpass at the same time. Giraffe sets minimum height for bridges and underpasses for animals. It is possible, that sugarcane has poison in it's body and leaves. For protecting the valuable and visible cane.

One finished mobile village has 66 km railway. With $1 000 000 / km railway costs 66 millions. 
In total, the sample needs around 60 000 km railways and $60 billions. With leads to refineries, cost raises to around 70 billions.

 

Slicer : Combined cultivator-harrower ( reintroduction )

In the picture you see diagram for combining cultivator and harrower. First you have rolling blades, which cuts the ground into small slices. 
Then you have strong blades, which raises and breaks the thin slices. In the back you can have rollers, which spreads and smoothens the ground.

Distance in between blades is around 4 inch or 10 cm. Cultivator uses 16 and 18 inch distances in between wings.
Weight of the slicer improves the penetration.

- The tool does not need much power. Tool does not have to be as wide as sower and harvester units.
- You can also use powered blades, rotate them with axle. When you do so, saw and tooth shapes are possible.
- You process the field once with the tool and the sowing-fertilizing may begin.
- Blades and spikes must be checked and sharpened every now and then.
- You can adjust the depth of slices, just like in cultivator.

- Diagram misses spring-suspension systems, which allows blades and spikes skip over rocks.

If you take more than one harvest from the fields, you need a pillar for operating this tool. 
With two or three harvests, after first sowing you have three teams on the fields.
First team harvests sugars, 2nd slicer-team comes almost right after, and this team is followed by 3rd sowing team.