R&D of Putnamis
Space Energy 2018
May 16th 2018 > 

- - How high the Moon - -

- Moon's distance from earth is around 400 000 km. It's diameter is around 3500 km.
- distance to geostationary orbit is 35 786 km. At this distance 313 km² space city looks as big as moon.
- at 400 km altitude 3.5 km² space city looks as big as moon.

When talking about global warming, with the space solar plants and space greenhouses you can create big shadows over earth.

Area of New York City is 1 200 km².

- - Radio waves definition - -

When radio receiver-transmitter system was invented, radio wave was electric wave. Definition remained official until wireless copycats re-defined radio wave as light wave. This faulty re-definition superseded old. After that electric wave was excusive to Radio people.

If you are not familiar with tech, connection to electricity is so obvious, that only a copycat can make such faulty re-definitions. All descriptions from the operating principles mentions radio wave's connection to electricity.

- - Electric field - -

Possible that besides gravitational fields there is an electric field. Field could be unique to sun and stars.

When so, the electric field creates magnetic poles with induction and all planets must have magnetic poles.

At atom level proton is positive, electron negative. In direct current negative means ground. All atoms carries electric charges.

Electromagnetic field would connect electricity and static electric charges to rotation around own axle. Then smell would be rotation around star and proton. 

If so, electricity and smell would have a connection via star / proton.

With space labs you can more data from the possible field. Fields weakens with distance. When so electric qualities are dependent on position in space. Distance to the center.

Air conditioning, water services, etc

When you think and design things for Space construction electricity is not a big problem. Solar cells are known to last long in space, produced electricity is cheap. Space cooler is possible and obviously very powerful. Then there is lots of heat / sun shine available.

- In all space constructions and vehicles, you must always design ventilation so, that new air comes from ceiling, old air goes away from the floor. System creates a small push towards floor. Could use vacuum in floor level air outlets.
- Toilet needs a bigger vacuum system. Application from chemical WC is obviously better than water WC application.
- Shower and sink gets water with pressure, but you have to clean the floor by sucking the water away with vacuum. During usage both sink and shower need fans for pushing the water towards the bottom.

- Beds and armchairs could have adjustable vacuum systems inside mattress and cushions. Vacuum table would be handier than holes for everything. Could hide the system under cloth.

Module must be a standalone system. It needs electricity, heating, pressure and vacuum systems. Plants for providing enough oxygen to everyone inside.

In space, windows gets most often broke from the inside. Fires and leaks are possible.

You need oxygen, etc. for leaks, malfunctions and so on. System and material with what you can quickly seal / fix the module is needed.

Emergency exit and rescue system is essential. Some kind of a space car / bus must be developed. Easy and quick-to-dress space suits are needed for everyone in module. With rescue bus and space suits you can respond also to unexpected emergencies.

Doors for docked devices must minimize the leaks of carbon air into space.  Space door must not mix carbon air with space air. 

First you dock the ship into construction. This is rough calibration, which ends into locking of the docked ship. Ship's hall can have small wheels which directs and fine adjusts ships position. With 6 wheels and wings, anchoring goes smoothly.

After docking you open the outer doors. You start to push smooth faced, telescopic inner doors from the ship and construction together, so that the amount of space air in between the doors is marginal. After the push, you seal the connection.

After attachment you can open doors.

The space lift box, with what you transport containers needs an application from common dock door. Box with what you carry containers must have a picture like door system, from the door you get access to container / space, which is inside the lift box.

It is possible that these doors are not needed. Compound of the space air is not known. Earth is not a closed system, space air can be almost perfect match to atmospheric air. Only the density and temperature are different.

Door which leads from carbon air to space needs air lock system. System needs thick gas, which can be easily extracted from space air and carbon air. When go out or come in from space you have oxygen with you.

Airlock picture shows the way out. First you enter airlock. The lock air gets mixed with carbon air. The carbon hall and airlock must ventilated and cleaned so that airlock has the gas and carbon hall carbon air.

After ventilation you enter space hall. When you space hall, gas and space air gets mixed. So you must wait space until gases are ventilated so that space hall has space air and airlock has gas.

When go in, the second wait takes place in carbon hall.

In principle ventilation means, that you suck mixed air from halls and airlock, and replace them with cleaned air. You need roomfuls of airlock gas, two roomfuls of space air and carbon air.

With foam like gas and longer airlock, you could walk through the airlock system few times, before you have to clean the door system.

Nuclear anomaly-scent door

This airlock door is the only door type, with what you can prevent spreading of the lethal nuclear scent-anomalies. Scent-anomaly, requires that you check and clean suits and carried things, too.

Small picture on the left shows you the principle of the wave lock door. In wave lock you echo waves into a hall which is on the opposite side of the outlet. After usage, you have to clean the hall and hallway, just like you do with airlock door. Another way is to use wall-floor-ceiling material, which sucks the radiation from the outlet. Clean the surfaces after usage.

New Space Lift / Space Donut

Density : Air 1,293  / He 0,18. - one cubic meter helium carries 1,293 - 0,18 = 1,11 kg/m3 - 10t lift + 50t payload : 60 000 kg / 1.11 = 54 504,04 m3 110 m donut  = 3,14*55*55 = 9498,5 m2 - with 10 m ring ( 78,5 m2 ) is app 9400 m2  - tank system = 9400 m3 / m  - 54 504,02 m3 requires 5,7 meter height. 100 ton weigh, 60 m donut, 5 m ring requires 32 m height. Projection is at the same levels with 10 floor multifamily house. Thickness of carbon fabric should be 0.1 millimeters or less. 0.1 mm would create over 70% efficiency for the tanks. Net payload would be over 50% from the weigh. In airship, thickness and density of tanks cover material has enormous meaning. Tanks are so big. Common Materials Density g/cm3 Heat Expansion Melting  point Carbon 2.2 7.5 3800 Molybdenum 10.2 5.5 2600 Wolfram 19.2 4.5 3410 Chrome Oxide  5.2 ? 2400 Hard Metal k-20 14.8 5-7 > 2000 Top projection 110 m donut, 10 m tube and 10x20m cargo space.  Width, length and height are not much bigger than jumbo jets. Only the used area is quite a lot bigger. Jumbos carries also around 50 ton payloads. Axle system for lift 2018-10-23 Modular tanks can be used as multilevel wings, which assists lift. Problem in upright is missing air. Holes in between the tanks are shadowed with overlying module. Therefore you must blow air into holes. There is axle in main tube. At the top there is dense propel or space jet, which pushes air into tube. In tube at each hole there is slow drum propel, which pushes or sucks air from the hole in between module. The small overpressure-speed system must work so, that there is overpressure in the hole. Air should be over speeded ( with propel ) so that blow goes through upper levels bottom as long as possible. When you push the flow towards upper level bottom, the flow tries to suck air from the top of the lower level. Tanks motorized wing system reduces the required size of gas tanks, quite a lot. The drum propels sort of re-uses the air, which was used for creating thrust. Then they mess the air in tube, the mess improves the thrust. Tilted tank lines suits to constructional strength demands very well. When you take altitude with lift, the system goes so that, gas tanks keeps the lift power pretty much the same. But lift and cargo loses their weigh with altitude.

Space Lift diagram has new multiple layer system for adjusting the lift. In vertical lift you do not talk about thrust, you talk about lift power. With wing system, you can reduce momentum, which comes from low and wide tank system. 

Original idea was to use the same containers, trucks and trains uses. So that space cargo follows the international standards. No need to change that. Food, electromagnetic batteries and grain does not set new demands for containers shape and size.

New lift has also vertical wings for steering and horizontal movement.

With strong inner ring, you "push" the load upwards. Ring has also the primary pressure tube lines and their control system.

Primary engine is in the center hole.  It is always in at least the vertical wing unit. It creates vacuum over the tower, overpressure under the primary donut. The thrust must redirected so that it never heats container / passenger compartment at the bottom.

Might be good idea to build an independent system where the wing system - which redirects thrust - is always in donut. When so you can add engines also into additional donuts.

With adjustable nozzles, and two separate cell layers, you can create overpressure towards upper / lower row. Overpressure towards lower row raises, towards upper thrust pushes craft down. With 4 nozzles in 90 degree angles you can steer the craft with thrust. You can never direct thrust directly towards tank. Pressure blows the underlying tanks.

If hot layer is 1500C, steel becomes soft and melts in these temperatures. With 100 km/h climb rate lift uses an hour in the layer. High temperature refers to big pressure. In scheduled morning pass temperature can be normal. Or then it's the same. Depends on the source of heat.

Due to hot layer passing, you can never set tanks' covers into fire with the engine or fuel. Heat resistance demand for fabric is over 1000C, engine's max temperature is around 700C. All outer parts must be covered with the fireproof fabric. Wolfram lasts over 3000 C temperatures. Edison used wolfram hearts in his bulbs. Carbon lasts higher temperatures than wolfram. Wolfram weighs three times more than iron. Molybdenum weighs little more than iron, can be used for longer stay in hot layer.

Helium tanks

You could reduce weigh of tanks with shaped fabrics. Tank is always built from cells. Cells must be rather big, in order to reduce weigh. With shaped pieces and strong seams, the filled tank takes it's shape without support system. When so, outside the inner ring, you have pressure tubes and constructions, which divides the load from the bottom. 

As safety, you must always leave some spare tanks into tanks system. So that lift can operate with one or two broken tanks. Tanks sealing system must be made so, that it is rather easy to repair the broken tanks. Change and fix the broken tanks after flight. 

They should keep their shape for making small vacuums possible. With vacuum you can improve the lift. Big vacuums creates a safety issues. You could reserve bigger vacuum as an emergency against bigger tank loss.

Carbon tanks

Carbon tank system would be strong and light. Carbon does not need heat protection. Tank's cell system can designed so, that it carries the load. Carbon tank allows usage of vacuums. Don't know how it lasts sharp temperature changes.

Could make connectors from molybdenum or wolfram. Pipe system from carbon. Wires from molybdenum, covers from carbon.

Center ring, etc.

Might be good idea to build primary lines as spirals ( less than one round ). So that one line can fill cells from all around the tank. Minimum requirement for primary lines is two. Each line must have it's own, independent system. Starting from compressor and pressure tanks.

Cold fusion can be used for cooling the gases. Cooling can be used as addition to pressure balancer system. With cooling you can keep the gas size / pressure steady.

Pressure balancer compresses gas from air tanks. Packs gases into pressure tanks. High internal pressure increases gases density and weigh per cubic centimeter.  With the system you control climb rates and direction. You can load / unload gas system with balancer.

If you use cooler system with balancer system, you should also add Hot-Balloon effect to the cooling system. The system must support continuous circling and heater. The temperature, with what you cool the gases, when passing hot layer, can be bigger than the hot balloon effect temperature ( you use near the ground / gravity systems ).

The compartment needs a detachment / parachute system for emergency landings. It does not need much more for near-ground safety. Manned donut needs oxygen system for upper atmosphere and space. Possible to use catapults for crossing the hot layers. You always anchor the ship before entering the hot layer, then you are slinged through the layer. Besides improved safety, it would reduce donut's thermal demands, too. You can also change the donut system there. Stars can be very tricky without anchoring stations, the depth of layer is enormous.

The compartment needs a towing system for final delivery, which takes place in space. Space Hotel is a place where you can change the tractor of the compartment. Commercial exploration of a new planet-moon-star always starts with a space hotel. Possible that you need interstellar hotels too. At least one outside solar system, for scientific purposes.

When

- Everything you need for electric jet engine exists already. Engine misses electromagnetic battery system. You can test space donut with common jet engines. In final product you replace fuel lines with wires. Fuel tanks with electromagnetic batteries. Temperatures and design are independent on donut's type.
- Helium tanks need cover material. Pressure balancer is simple, everything you need exists. All construction materials must be capable of handling very low and high temperatures.
- In space sunbeams should not be very different from earth. In space, beams misses all gravitational effects. Drag and resistance.
- Since radioactive radiation is actually man-made lethal scent, radiation is not a problem in space.
- Good sealing is important. Pressures in space are obviously very low.
- Manned ships should always have enough vegetation for producing enough oxygen to everyone on board.

Donut is safer than plane. It doesn't fall very easily. Then it doesn't necessarily need a field for landing. Different from old airships.

With reasonable budget, first flight tests with donuts can be made within a year from start. You take more and more altitude with test donuts, develop them with the experience and gathered data. Altitude is taken in three states : First comes cold, then comes hot, after that comes space and first satellites. No-one is expected to die in the altitude tests. Most flights can be done with unmanned RC controlled ships. In the air you collect temperatures and pressures. Then you develop fabrics and others on earth, with the measured data.

Test donuts should be made so, that they can later be used for scanning the atmosphere.

With luck maiden flight, with cargo, takes place two years after start.

How much

From 1 kg sugar you get app 0.61 liter oil. One barrel needs 260 kg sugar. One space lift can carry around 200 barrels. One trip to space and back takes two days. One million barrel daily production needs 10 000 space lifts. After you run out of ground oil, you got to haul at least 100 million barrels a day. You need one million lifts with 50 ton payload. Lifts can wait the night in the air, before they go through hot layer.

If one lift spends two hours on field, with 24 hour traffic, one strip can handle 12 lifts a day. Lifts do not need long strips. They need around 300 m x 300 m boxed area for landing.  3 km x 3 km space field can handle 100 lifts at the time. 1 200 lifts a day. One million barrel daily production would need nine 3 km x 3 km fields.

From 1 kg sugar you get app 0.61 liter oil. One barrel needs 260 kg sugar. If barrel is sold with $80, max cost for 1 kg sugar is 30 cents. Rather near current producer price of sugar.

One million daily production needs 270 000 000 kg sugar every day. If you get 5 000 kg/ha, you need 54 000 ha or 540 km² per day. Whole year with one harvest needs 200 000 km². Yearly field box is 450 km * 450 km. Possible in big countries. Easy for bigger African and Latin American countries to earn some pocket money with farmed sugar-oil and smaller farmed areas. With steamers it is possible to take hot central Australia and other warm deserts into use and oil production.

100 million barrel yearly production needs 20 000 000 km², required box  is 4 500 km x 4 500 km. With three harvests required box is 1 500 km x 1 500 km. These numbers are way too big for earthly production. 

Venus should be examined before you run out of ground oil. Possible that you have to haul elements and compounds from Venus to the fully expanded greenhouse system.

Removed 11th Dec 2018 : If you blend mined coal into soil you use in greenhouses, you can kind of a convert coal to sugar and oil. With the usage of mined coal you can ensure, that earth will not run out of coal. 

- - Sustainable Oil - -

Now that we know from where ground oil came, and how easily sugar converts into fat, it is possible that oil has a recycling system. Most plants have sugar in them, animals have fat. Plants obviously converts CO₂ into sugar and oxygen. It is possible to for example Gulf countries to get continuous feed to their oil reserves from the sea and dead underwater plants and fishes. Almost dead area misses consumers of the recycled fat-oil. Almost dead area prevents on-ground recycling.

Even if the oil has a recycling system, we spread most from oil in all over the earth, just like we do to all mined raw materials. When so, Oil-from-sugar allows us to create new "oil-fields" from the oil we spread into our world.

No one has verified, that plants can use CO₂ emissions, which come from booze fuels. Although not very likely, it is possible that booze changes CO₂ compound so, that plants cannot use it. But if they do, booze fuels lead into a brand new, almost impossible, nuclear scent-anomaly disaster. Greenhouse guys are not very different from the nuke boys. Everything is simple and clear ... as long as you do not pay too much attention to details and facts : You look good and bright in the media feed, with your stupidity and stupidities.

- - Electro magnetic battery - -

2TB hard disk weighs 88 grams. 2TB space battery could be 50 grams, the estimated power is 50 kWh. 1 MW/h needs 20 x 2TB units. 1 GWh needs 20 000 units. 1GW/h unit weighs 200 000 grams, 200 kg. One 50t lift can carry 250 GW/h. You need 2 lifts for each 10GW space solar plant, with daily deliveries. Biggest nuclear plant's capacity is 8 GW, biggest dam is 20 GW.

If solar panel produces 1 kW/m2, 1MW plant needs 1 000 m², 10 GW plant needs 10 000 000 m². Box of 3.2 km x 3.2 km. In earthly plant, efficiency of solar panel is very low. 10 GW continuous daily production is impossible, even with electromagnetic batteries. 

Space Green house

Space glass needs to be developed. It must keep air and heat inside. They are big, transparent layers. Frames need adjustable curtain-shading system. Frames must have a system, with what you can plug and seal broken glass system quickly. From the inside and outside.

Acryl-plastic is obviously better than glass. Glass does not last temperature changes, it weighs a lot. Easiest way is to use multiple glasses, and fill the space in between with some gas. It is possible to create a space acryl, which seals the air, but lets sun shine in. Air tightness is dependent on density, transparency comes from some other quality. Best example is glass, it is dense, transparent material. Space window is much like earthly window. Better sealed. Can handle wider temperature changes.

Space green house needs a farming system. One rather simple system is on Oil-from-Fat page, it is derived from modern green house. Very important, that house does not throw gas-garbage-ground into space. Since the radioactive radiation is what it is, food which is produced in space green house is certain to be safer than earth oriented food.

In the first test green houses it is possible to use solar-cells and bulbs for bringing light to plants. So that you can develop farming and constructions at the same time. It saves quite a many years.

In principle green house, which produces oil, is good, safe starter for commercial space exploration. If something goes terribly wrong, you lose plants instead of lives. On the other hand, we can live freely in a place where common plants can live.

There are two plants which produces sugar : cane and root. Root creates sugar into gel, only the leaves are visible. Cane is like grain. Root plant is easier to collect in space. It does not drop much garbage on to floors. Cane is long, it goes easily broke in collection and transporting. CO₂ creation is small problem in house. Combustion engine - generator system could be used for powering the houses : Sowing, watering, ventilation, harvesting, etc. systems. You should burn something all the time, for circling oxygen. Later green house can be accompanied with animal houses and cattle / animals.

You can start to design and test the farming system right away, on earth. Design of the space glass can also be started right away. Oil-from-Sugar begins with farmed sugar.

Space Lab

Space Lab is a place from where a common company can get or ask information about space. Space Lab researches unknown space related things for you, by request, without personal ambitions. In Maxwell Thunderbird, Isaac works and runs the Space Lab system. Space Lab will get a laboratory into space right after it is possible. Later lab researches answers for questions from common people, too.

Basic lab construction has material laboratory, which researches qualities of materials. This lab is the same than on earth. Then it needs a unit for examining space air. Pressure, density, compound and rotational forces. Relative winds, sun beams. Mobile material lab checks how qualities changes with distance from the center of rotation. These are manned labs.

Flow lab researches qualities of the fields and flows. You need flow labs in earths rotational field. The edges of gravitational field and rotational fields needs more attention. One mobile lab for each edge. One or more labs to sun's rotational field. Planets need labs, rotational field forces and others must be mapped with mobile labs.  Interstellar space need labs. Manned or unmanned.

Weather lab is space lift lab, which operates in gravitational field. Each planet needs few weather labs. Weather lab is much like weather satellite.
Core probe is a thing for researching the cores of gas planets. Star probe is a thing for penetrating through temperature walls.

Planet with carbon, oxygen and hydrogen ( possibly nitrogen ) is suitable for us. The form is not as important as existence and relative shares. With plants and animals you can create functional recycling systems. Elements from which the planet is made, is not very important. Have a hunch and dream, that Venus would have all required elements in it's atmosphere.

- - - -

- On important thing to study is the space coordinates. Sun's and earth's rotational axles are at the same x-y-z position. If other planets have also upright axles it makes the space or at least our solar system easier to handle. You play with only one, known and fixed coordinate system.
- Size and qualities of Earth's rotational field are unknown. Upper atmosphere is very poorly known.
- Sagittarius rotation and possible Sagittarius seasons should be researched.

Hot Layer research

The picture shows possibilities for Hot Layer. If layer exists it is at the end of the gravitational field. Some kind of interference is needed for the creation. Otherwise temperature falls linearly with distance.

When you look at the system, you should remember, that heat and pressure are not the same. Both can exist without the another.
- Possible that the heat which raises up packs into border.
- Possible that the change in rotational flow's speed raises temperature and pressure.
- When sun beam enters pressurized zone it can slow down and create heat.
- Possible that there is a vacuum-cold / pressure-heat at the border.

Reason why space air and upper atmosphere can have thin air and cold at the same is in the lack of gravity. Gravity pushes air molecules closer to each other all the time. The lack of push makes thin and cold air possible.

When heat climbs up it also spreads to wider area.

Space Vehicle

Space Vehicle is car-van-bus-truck like spacecraft. There would be one chassis, with various bodies. At least in the beginning. Vehicles are transported into space with lifts. They are not intended for gravitational field. Empowered with small space jet engines. In most, passengers use space suits and oxygen tanks.

Space Vehicles are things, where you can use your imagination in bodies and their shapes.

In space the forces are small. Idea is that you have a chassis. It has engine, steering and braking. Chassis has standard sized and positioned rods, with what you attach bodyworks into chassis. Then the chassis has a connectors, with what you accelerate, steer and brake the vehicle. Space vehicle does not need suspension.

System makes it possible to build various vehicle types with marginal cost. Also easy to change chassis / body from the vehicle. System is copied from the first cars.

Space Train-Locomotive

Space train has towing unit, locomotive. It tows various passenger and cargo cars. Locomotive allows you to develop locomotives, couplings, etc. with cargo and space exploration. Switch to passenger usage is easy.

Train needs standard coupling units and doorways. Space train should be a tube like vehicle. Passenger cars are air conditioned, you do not need space suits in train.

Train has quite a many advantages, when compared to ships with embedded engine. Aerodynamic, easy to create air-space tight modules - you can embed rescue systems into cars. Passenger cars are much like the modules, you use in space hotels. Coupling units and doorways should be compatible with hotel's suite modules.

Standard car bodies should be dimensioned so, that the length and width fits to lift's containers. Besides closed cars, there are things, which can be transported in open cars.

You can use dock-door's principle in between cars. If needed, you can close the doors, when train is turning or changing course. Car can turn into all directions. Left-Right and Up-Down.

Green house system is kind of a safety system. Plants do not suffer from mechanical faults. All they need is light.

Diagram is from one floor solar cruiser. Ship is Maxwell Thunderbird's Sight Ship. It is 10 m high, 12 m wide tube. Tube is about the same size with jumbo jets. Wider body would result into windowless suites / rooms.

Ship misses brakes. Not very easy to say how you should build them, before you know for sure, how vehicles and objects keep their speed in space. Vacuum-pressure system would allow you to use wings and vacuum disturbers for braking.

It is already known for almost sure, that fast speed spacecraft must have aerodynamic shape. It eases acceleration and steering.

Turning engines are moved to front for making steering easier. Easing tensions and strength requirement for cars. Ships always need many engines. Ship must be maneuverable with only one functional engine left.

Solar cruiser
Solar cruiser is a train for traveling in our solar system. Inner width could be 12 meters. Two four meter rooms and two meter corridor. Upper tube, over ceiling would be greenhouse and sight seeing deck. Height of passenger compartment could be 2 x 2.5 meters. Around 5.5 meters with floor.

Space Jet

Fast plane like craft, with what you can fly in rotational and gravitational field.

Space Speedster

Super fast spacecraft for emergencies and rescue operations. 

Space Explorer

Small space lift, with what you can go into gravitational field. Packed into space train's cars.

Space Safe

Emergency station, into which you can dock a broken ship. Call help. Get oxygen, food, heat for temporary stay.