Cars - Gas exchange ( Jack : 2010 - 2017 )
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New theories, chemical reaction, operating principles and diagrams for firing.
Semi Diesel is related at the bottom of the page.

New air filter - 18th May 2018

Semi diesel raises the number of high compression engines to sky high levels. When so, only way to keep the air pollution in reasonable levels is to clean the air ... as well as you can ... before the compression and firing.

Rough filter is like common air filter. 
Particle filter cleans the air from small particles.
Chemical nitro filter removes Nitrogen from the input air.

Idea in cleaners is that, they provide a platform and mountings for various chemical and electric cleaning methods. By default they are empty slots, with standard size and mountings. With cleaners you can localize the system. React to for example big nuclear catastrophe. Clean the area / city from Nuclear Scents.

Cars consumes so much air, that they clean the cities from all kinds of aired dirt very quickly.

Air Mixer

Air mixer belongs to pressure sensor tech. With air mixer you can adjust temperatures of the input air.
- Although possible you should not use it for eliminating knocking.
- With air mixer you can react to outdoor temperatures. Keep the temperatures of the incoming air steady.
- Primary idea in air-mixer is a situation where you drive with partial load. With partial load you can use bigger closing pressures and higher input temperatures. With mixer you get better responses from the partially loaded engine.
- Also possible to build a boost button system, for temporarily overload the engine with higher pressures.

Engines Ferrari designed for Fiat had a simple air-mixer system in air filter. I have later checked and tested that the fuel-air mixtures temperature has a surprisingly big effect to fuel economy. In cold weather Immo consumed with the same configuration and speed around 20% percent more fuel in cold weather than it does in warm weather. Made the rough test with cruise control and long trip.

The oil from sugar changes world of vehicles, but not the demand for fuel efficiency. When number of cars grow, the big cities suffer from the lack of oxygen. Demand for fuel efficiency comes from customers' wallets and general need for oxygen.

May 30th 2018 - Dropping of the nitro filter

I do not know the kind of lethalness of NO₂. Breathing obviously produces the same gas. If I do not remember wrong, nitrogen burns "better" than carbon. It is used in fertilizers for plants, medicines for poor heart and dragsters.

Possible that lethalness of NO and NO₂ is equal to lethalness of CO and CO₂. Death comes from the lack of oxygen, not from the result of the usage. Natural emission gas. If so, nitro filter can be dropped from the air filter system.

Catalyst converter is said to convert NO₂ into some other chemical compound. Idea of catalyst converter is rather stupid, it wastes free oxygen atoms from the air. Basic idea, that after burning will make the air cleaner, is weird. The more you burn, the more smoke and bad smell you exhaust into air ... less oxygen comes out from the exhaust pipe. 

Converter does not clean the gases from chemicals, which are used to enhance fuel and adjust the octane number. These chemicals can end into hazardous compounds. 

The most environmental fuel is raw distilled fuel, without chemicals. It safe as unburned and burned gas. Could start to use H14 and H15 fuels. Replace 98 with H15 quality. Possible to create H16 or H17 quality for trucks / high compression engines. All gas stations have pumps for three qualities.

If you use chemicals in fuel, you should always check how they affect to people, animals and plants before and after burning. You should check what kind of carbon-hydrogen compounds it forms with raw-fuel air mixture. Then you should check how it goes with other added chemicals, amount of chemical-chemical compounds is small.

Sensor tech allows you to optimize fuel-air consumption of the partially loaded and idle engine. Improved air filter system reduces creation of hazardous gases and pollution quite a lot. Improved air-filter system does not increase fuel consumption like catalyst converter does.

Electric Turbo Charger - 2nd June 2018

Picture on the right shows how to take advantage from electro magnetic battery and cold fusion in cars. 
- You can replace cooler element with vacuum cooler. 
- You can replace air conditioning system with vacuum system.
- You can collect small amounts of braking energy with small on-wheel generators. 
- You can collect energy from exhaust gases.

- You can use the collected energy with electric turbo charger
- Collected energy reduces the need and load of charger.

Efficiency of electro magnetic collector and shift system is over 90%, when compared to direct system.

Electric turbo

Electric turbo allows you to time shift the pressures of the exhaust gases. You can collect the energy during the time car goes from one traffic lights to another. Then you use the collected energy, when stopped car leaves the lights.

As bonus you can build a small compressor system into turbine generator, which collects the energy. With small compressor effect you can create continuous vacuum into outlet. It improves gas exchange at whole rpm range. Not only from the designed vacuum rpm.

Besides the compressor-generator system, you can use all power creators and emb for running the electric compressor. Electric motor can easily reach the same rpm's as traditional turbo charger.

System is fully adjustable. With pressure sensors, you can use the motor-fan system for improving the low rpm qualities. The same system can also be used for acquiring more power from the engine.

In principle you should fill the cylinder as smoothly as you can. You should avoid turbulences, then you should try to keep leftovers from previous stroke at the bottom the cylinder. With this you should keep the pressure in inlet system steady. You accelerate the fan motor system, when you open the valves, so that pressure does not fall with increased volume ( which comes from opened valve ).

The mixing of the fuel air mixture should always take in fuel injector. After that you should try to avoid turbulences as much as you can. Turbulences after mixing slows down the movement of pressure and air fuel mixture. Turbulence creates forces, which point and move mixture to random directions. It is well known basic in gas-liquid movement and power transmission.

The vacuum you create with opening, can suck air from cylinder and resists filling. Suck effect is dependent on cylinder and inlet pressures during the time of opening. If cylinder pressure is lower than inlet pressure, the opening pushes air into cylinder.

Opening of the outlet valve never resists the gas exchange. In principle It possible to use compressor-generator as motor, and create vacuums to the outlet with the system.

Knocking

Knocking is one form of turbulence. Symptoms  - noises, vibrations and power loss - equals. With variable rpm, electric turbo you can reduce knocking. In general levels you can reduce turbulences and knocking with an increase in pistons diameter and reduce in the stroke length. With sensor tech and electric turbo you can minimize the disadvantages of the short stroke.

Exhaust pressure system - Sunday 10th June 2018

Exhaust gases has heat and kinetic energies.
- With electric turbo, you can collect kinetic energy ( pressure ) from the exhaust gases.
- With exhaust cooler you can collect heat from the exhaust gases.
- Turbo comes always before cooler.
- Gas exchange system needs pressure sensors in all cylinders, one in P2 sector and inlet system. Others are optional.

In order to optimize gas exchange, pressure P2 must always be smaller than P1. With a compressor like wing system in turbo, you can boost and ensure relative vacuum in P2 pressure area.

Pressure P3 is the start up pressure for heat collector, rather meaningless. P3 range has meaning, when you select the exhaust cooler unit for your engine.

Cooler creates under pressures. In exhaust system we talk about relative under pressure. You cool exhaust gases by reducing pressure P3. The vacuum pressure after exhaust cooler, must be bigger than P5 outdoor pressure.

Exhaust cooler speeds up the gas. Gas speed at P3 sector can be small. Cooler gives gas speed, which is needed for pushing gases out from exhaust pipe.

The temperature of the exhaust gas is 500C or more. In common traffic 2 liter engine creates around one cubic meter hot air in one minute. So you can get quite a lot of energy with exhaust cooler. Without cooler the heat blends into outdoor air.

Possible that in the future you use electric turbo only as motor, with what you create P2 vacuums, and optimize exhaust cooler.

With electric smell stabilizer you clean bad scents from the exhaust gases. ( Future / California reservation )

In inlet system, you use electric motor and pressure sensors for maintaining and stabilizing the overpressure.

- - - -

How do you create the vacuum in front of the electric turbo ?
You design the wing system so, that the volume of the required inlet air is bigger than the diameter-volume system of the inlet pipe. When so, wing system increases the speed of gas. System is derived from jet engine's compressor-turbine system. You can increase the speed with angles and shapes of the wings. You create an over-under pressure system in to the front and back of each wing.

The actual pressure sensor [Aug 2nd 2018]

On the right you see typical pressure sensor. Pressure sensor is one of the simplest sensors.
- In the pressurized volume, there is piston-spring system. It moves up and down, when pressure changes.
- Above the mechanical part there is electrical part. In the electrical part there is resistor-connector system. The resistor is bound to sensors body. The connector is attached to piston. When you lead the electricity to the sensor, the output current is dependent on pistons current position.

In sensor tech sensor has to be capable of working properly in high and wide temperature range. Maximum temperature is around 1000C. Minimum is below 0C. Maximum temperature comes from firing and minimum from inlet stroke. Pressures and pressure changes are not that demanding.

Operating principle of temperature sensor is much the same. It misses piston-spring system. Piston-system is replaced with rod. Rod is made from material, which expands and shrinks a lot with temperature changes. The rod creates movement to resistor-connector system.

The pressure-temperature sensors are more reliable and accurate, than lambda sensor based oxygen and co sensors.

Systems which measures fluid levels have the same operating principle than pressure and temperature sensors. In fluid level sensor, piston-spring is replaced with floating object. Floating object has a rod, which moves the connector.

Rotation is usually measured with impulse sensor system. Impulse sensor either collects or generates electricity. Rounded movement for electric gauge's pointer is usually made with straight move and switch. Pointer continues after axle. The hidden extension is pushed and dragged with one directional move.

AC Spark Plug

With alternate current spark plug it would be possible to create directional electric waves into cylinder. A/C plug allows you to set the top of mixture into fire almost at the same time. A/C wave spreads into all directions. With resistor cap at the bottom of the plug you can block vertical waves. Engine explodes, if you set all of the mixture into fire at once. 

AC wave can move in the air, over the valve system. But AC wave will lead the current into ground. It does not vanish like DC current. It makes AC plug difficult in cars. In big ship-industrial engines AC plug is possible.

In short stroke, wide piston car-boat engine you should at least use DC plug, which ignites the mixture into fire from the sides.

Vacuum air conditioning, vacuum cooler and generator

In vacuum air conditioning cold comes from vacuum pump. Vacuum air conditioning works with gases. You mix the incoming air. Vacuum pump must always be in upright position. Hill climbing capabilities limits the maximum angle in fixed mounting.

Principle is the same in common piped air conditioning system. Add-on air conditioner unit does not mix the air.

Vacuum cooler can be used as replacement for cooler. Vacuum cooler is small when compared to radiator. The location is free. You have a water pipe, which circles the vacuum area at the bottom of the pump. You can cool the water as much as the coolant can be cooled without freezing. The output temperature of the coolant can be -10C or less. 

Vacuum cooler is also the principle for vacuum fridge and vacuum freezer.

Generator

Cold fusion reduces generator load. Possible that someday vacuum cooler is converted into vacuum generator. Pump runs all the time and produces electricity for car. Coolant is lead into generators cooler unit when needed.

Mobile aggregators are probably the first vacuum generator systems. They don't need fuel. The electricity is free. Apparatus is light, when compared to traditional aggregator. With aggregator-emb system you can bring electricity to islands and other places, which misses power grid. Vacuum aggregator-emb does need sunlight and wind for the creation of electricity.