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Combustion Collector
October 6th 2019
Tights Combustion Collector + machine powered tubes for ground vehicles.  

Collector operates with a fact, that when you need 1 kJ for raising air's temperature with 1C, lowering the temperature with 1C must release 1 kJ energy charge.

Temperature is a quality or property of an atom, compound and material. Temperature moves with the object. When so, the temperature and heat energy must be stored into object.

Collector uses heat for increasing the pressure-volume system's energy. With piston crankshaft system, you get kinetic energy from pressure system.

Collector is very quiet, much like steam engine.

You can use steam locomotives double direction cylinders in the collector.

Steam locomotive's cylinder is pushed all the time, from both directions.

- - - -

In the cylinder
- displacement volume gets heat from firing to the time outlet valve is opened. Same goes to the top of the piston.
- compression volume gets heat with pistons movement.

  Heating
kJ ( 1C / kg )		 Conductivity
W/m
Cast iron 0.50 kJ 40.000
Aluminum 0.90 kJ 220.000
Copper 0.38 kJ 399.000
Water 4.18 kJ   0.110
Air 1.00 kJ   0.026
     
Silver 0.24 kJ 427.000
Gold 0.13 kJ 316.000
Steel 0.46 kJ  45.000
Steel-stainless 0.50 kJ  14.000
     
Coal 0.71 kJ   0.700
Brick, clay 0.84 kJ   0.600
Granite 0.75 kJ   3.000
Wood 1.50 kJ   0.150

From the table you can see, that copper is 4 000 times better heat conductor than water and 15 000 times better than air. Copper doesn't need pumping like water and air. Heat moves in copper faster than in pumped water.

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Cast iron needs around 0.45 KJ for 1C hike per kg. Aluminum needs 0.90 kJ and copper 0.38 kJ for the same hike. 

Cast iron is not very efficient heat conductor. Aluminum is almost as good conductor as copper.

You can calculate the mass of iron and aluminum in between the rods and cylinder.

- - - -

Heat energy contents is always calculated with relative values.
The energy comes from the change to the randomly selected zero point.

The energy contents is calculated with heating factor.

Heat losses come from the radiated heat, the object spreads to surroundings. Radiated heat downgrades object's energy contents and increases surrounding content.

The loss should be related to objects and surroundings heat conductivity. There is a maximum speed, object can transfer heat from the center to sides. Then there is a speed, with what the surroundings can suck the heat to itself.

- - - -

Humidity's - microscopic water drops - meaning to climate shows also in the table. Water can absorb lots of heat.
- When cubic meter air weighs 1.3 kg, one cubic meter water weighs a ton.
- When humidity is 5% there is 1.24 kg air and 50 kg water in the air.

Combustion collector reduces the manmade heat load to the climate. It drops traffic's oil consumption quite a lot.

With combustion collector you can collect wasted heat from combustion engine. Fully utilized collector cools the block with copper rods. Rods are lead into air space above or at the sides of the engine. The air space has gas exchange system, you cool the copper rods in air space. So, that you lead cold air into one combustion chamber. Then you wait until the pressure and piston raises. After piston have reached the top, you open the chamber. Let the warm air go out and take cool air into the chamber.

The old picture on the right shows one way to build the collector into exhaust manifold. Without copper rods.

Copper is the most efficient heat conductor of all. Known losses from copper conducted cooling system in laptop computers are known to be small.

When you replace the water channels in the block with copper rods, you can increase and adjust the block's temperature freely. It is not very difficult to improve head caskets capability to handle higher temperatures. You can measure the temperatures at cylinder walls and keep them at 300-400 C.

With aluminum's, iron cast's and copper's heat conductivity factors you can calculate estimations for cooling. Unit of heat conductivity is W/m. The speed of flow is 1 m/s. 

There aren't tables for the different directions. Heat and cold forwards differently in sideways, up and down. Cold goes fastest downwards, heat upwards.

Calculations

Calculations begin from cylinder. You divide heat from firing to exhaust manifold and block. 

Firing stroke is the only one, that increases the heat in the block. In principle you can use general table for calculating the heat, that goes to iron block and aluminum head. Table could be rpm-area based. Walls are hit by standard temperature, volume and diameter are insignificant.

In block you move the heat from cast iron and aluminum to copper system. From copper system you go to combustion collector's chamber. In principle, you can go from cylinder directly to chamber. Ignore the transfer system, replace it with general leak factor. Table could be length based. Loss per mm or something like that.

If you have difficulties with rods, you can make them hollow and lead cool air into them.
Water cooling cools the block with rod like bi-directional system. Long rods can produce some problems.

- - - -

In exhaust manifold, you can place the copper-made heat transfer system in to pipe. You get almost directly into collector.
You can use small copper pipe system in the exhaust pipe for collecting the heat. Pipe system needs electric turbo, with what you create vacuum into head and it's exhaust channels. 

The volume of the uncompressed air doubles, when temperature raises from 20C to 400C.
It means, that max compression ratio for freely aspirated collector is around 2:1.

Uncompressed volume is reversed from the density at certain temperature.
When density falls from 1.225 to 0.5238 volume grows from 1 m3 to 2.33 m3.

Due to heat conductivity chambers should be wide and low.
Wide-low chamber allows you to use bigger area for copper and heating the air, too.

At combustion chamber 1 kg air needs around 0.8 kJ for raising the temp with 1C.

Theoretical maximum power for the collector is enormous, it is over 2 times bigger than measured engine power.

Every horsepower you get with add-on collector and collector that doesn't disturb gas exchange is gained horsepower.
Interference to gas exchange can lead to gains and losses, both.
- It is always very easy to ruin and damage the vacuum system, that empties the cylinders. 

Piston-rod system for exhaust pipe

With picture like continuous piston-rod system you can collect heat from exhaust pipes.
System suits to motorcycles, tractors and others with external pipe. System silences the sounds.
Sound of the exhaust pipe comes from pressure peaks, which are born when you open outlet valve.

Combustion collector is 3 stroke system.
- Suck cool air into cylinder
- Warm and expand the cool air.
- Push the warmed and expanded air out from the cylinder.

There are various ways to build 3 stroke system.
The best system is dependent on the way, you build copper collector system for cylinders.

You should never compress the air with pistons. It always results into poorer collection efficiency.
Charged system should create vacuums and cold into cylinders.


It is possible to rotate an axle along side the exhaust pipe. Rotated axle needs push plates.
- Push plates are dragged away, when the piston plate comes.
- Without body-mounted push plates the rotator system is inefficient.
- With push plates, you can construct 3 stroke system into each cylinder.
- With 3 piston plates, you get 3 compartments to cylinder.
- You don't have to use the whole round or ring for running the system.

Pressures in combustion collector are rather low, sealing is not a big problem.

Shared combustion chamber is possible. Don't know how good it is.
- Just like gravitational machine, combustion collector is brand new machine.
- Low compression ratio can cause some problems.

Besides vehicles, collector suits to power plants, chimney's and others.

 

Rotating system

In this picture you see one way to build rotating system.

In the upper picture you perform both suck and push strokes for the cylinder.

In the lower picture you continue push of the hot air, but you close the inlet valve and start to warm the cold air.

Picture misses lower cylinder and second piston plate. 

Push plates must be dragged to their holes, for the time piston plates passes the push plates.

Outlet hole is open all the time.

Possible that power creation needs three cylinders per roller unit. Power creation reduces the size of the expansion volume. Drop from 2.3 to 2.0 is not necessarily enough. Also possible to close the inlet valve open after the mid point. Not at the mid-point like in the picture.

Sealing of the plates is nothing like wankel, you can use as thick plates as needed.

System's efficiency is about the same than 4-strokers. Better than gas turbines and 2-strokers.
System suits also for converting gas or liquid flow into rotation.

In principle you should build at least two rollers per unit. When another fills the cylinder, another expands.
If you create electricity with the system, you might want to build small generators to each unit.

You can use pressure sensors for adjusting the inlet valve. Balancing a set of units, with variable heat load and power production capability.

System starts the warming and heat-transfer right after you open the inlet valve.

With plates height and rollers effective diameter, you can adjust the constructional speed.

System is one of the best ways to build a collector.

Tube-Rod system can be made with the same principle. Tube needs inlet and outlet valves at the both ends of the tube. But it doesn't need movable push plates. You need also at least 2 tubes per unit. 

Copper's heat expansion factor is 16.8, cast iron's is 11.8 and aluminum's 23.8. In cast iron copper rods need solution and space for expansion. In aluminum rods to be pushed toward warmer side. When compared to solids, liquids and gases are typically very poor heat conductors. Best would be, if you had two rods and copper compounds, one for cast iron and another for aluminum.

It is possible to lead hot outlet air ( hot air in general ) to a separate copper exchanger-roller system. Lead the hot air to copper exchanger from the outside. Cool down the outer hot air with cool inner air.

Collector is environmentally safe. It only warms the used air. But it tends to burn the dirt, whose flashpoint is below operating temperature. Typical operating temperature is 300C - 400C.

Air spaces

The collector consumes quite a lot of air. One kiloWatt needs one cubic meter air per second. 200 kW collector power needs 200 cubic meters per second.

One round per second is 60 rpm. The rotating speed grows with engine's heat losses. If the idle rpm is 600, the required volume for the one kilo watt system is 0.1 m3 or 100 liters. If you have 1.5 x 2.0 meter area ( at the bottom plate ) for the collector, the height is 0.1 / ( 1.5 * 2.0 ) = 0.033 m or 3.3 cm.

Turbo rolls over 20 000 rpm speed. It is also the verified max rpm for the collector. In sample system the power at max rpm is around 34 kW or 50 hp.

In for example motorcycle you need high rpm system for saving the space. The rotating speed is dependent on the amount copper exchanger area at the cylinder and also the depth of cylinder. It is possible to use connected copper axles for improving the heat exchange.

Due to huge air consumption, collector can be used for cleaning city air. It is even more efficient air cleaner than properly filtered combustion engine.

The bottom plate collector can be used for improving the strength of passenger compartment. The collector is full of small hollow beam structures. Then the collector almost automatically improves bottom's aerodynamics. So you get quite a many good things from the increased weight.

Machine powered tubes

The collector brings very efficient machine powered tubes into vehicles. These powered tubes work in ground vehicles and city speeds, too. These tubes respond to the speed.

In ships you get a machine powered tube system for reducing air resistance. 

Copter car, copter, plane and air ship with combustion collector flies with almost nothing. In planes the inlets and outlets for the machine powered tubes can be placed freely.

Collector doesn't fit into jet. Jet needs warm air behind the engine. Warm air increases the volume and gives push plate for the engine. With new propels it is possible to replace part from the jets with propel-combustion engine systems. With new propel it should be possible to reach both flying altitudes and speeds of the current jet airliners. Last 4-engine propel cruisers flew with 600 km/h speed. Jet airliner flies with 800-900 km/h speed.

Tube system for cars and ground vehicles

You could made the collectors so, that the cool-warm air system forms a tube to the vehicle. At city speeds, motorized tube works so that it creates vacuums in front of the vehicle. The vacuum sucks the vehicle forwards.

You should also build air intakes so, that they take air from the front of the vehicle. Air inlet is another machine powered tube system. Machine powered tube works independently from the speed.

500 cc cylinder with 8:1 compression ratio sucks 8x0,5 liters = 4 liters air during two rounds. 2 liter engine sucks 16 liters in two rounds. At 2000 rpm engine sucks 16 000 liters air per minute and 0.26 m3 in second. 2 x 1.5 meter cars area is 3 m3. 

When so, in one second, the sample car creates 0.1 m vacuum to the front. In city traffic you move with 10 - 15 m/s speed.

Double vacuum should show in city consumption.

8th October

Jet engine came and flying became popular in 1950s. Just like aired electricity.
During recent years aviation has stagnated. Air at high altitudes is thin. Effect of combustion and jet engine is bigger than on ground.
You are finished with combustion collector ?
There is theory and design for constructing the collector. You can design and build rotational and rod-tube systems.
Was it difficult to figure out the 2 stage system for 3 stroke process ?
It took around one day or less. Didn't have to stretch to the edge. Maybe once. In the very beginning.
Pressurized gravitational shield-converter is safe.
It should be safe to at least dropping the gravitational drag to moon's 1/6. Moon's gravity could be rather near earth's original drag. Difficult to break or interfere atoms with pressure. High pressures are known to be safe.

You cannot use system as replacement for turbines, after all.
System is not simple and handy as turbine. Then produced power is not steady.

 

 

 

Combustion collector for exhaust gases


Left side is going down, right side up. Red bottom plate is copper.
Green cold air pistons are very light. Green sliding valve takes the combustion pressures.
Process matches 2 stroke combustion engine. System has a built in air pump.
System suits also to open and closed air conditioning.

In the picture you see the double piston system for collecting heat from exhaust gases.

Each unit has 4 pistons. Both blocks have hot and cold cylinder-piston systems.
You need cold piston for pushing cold air into combustion chamber. And removing old heated gas.
At the bottom there is heat source / exhaust manifold.

System is efficient and fully functional. You do not do any compression work.
You warm the air around 400C during the compression. 
Exhaust manifold burns your hands with around 600 C temperature.

System should be rather fast. Exhaust system cools down quickly.
Efficient collector can double the total engine power.

Current physics misses measured expansion factor curves for various temperatures.
With air's flat 367, the compression ratios for 0C source air are :
100 C 3.67   400 C 15.68   700 C 25.69
200 C 7.34   500 C 19.35   800 C 29.36
300 C 12.01   600 C 22.02   900 C 33.03

These values are equal to firing pressures. No idea how realistic these compression ratios are.

- - Cooling system - -

In the block it is possible to use air buffers around cylinders. Use the hot air to empower the collector.
Lead new cold air to old water channels all the time. The built-in pump powers the cooling air exchange / ventilation.

System is fully automated. The compressor gets an adjustment from the heat engine leaks. When engine is cold, the system is at stand-by state.
The more heat engine generates, the faster the compressor system works.

Cooling system has the same pressures and needs the same strength-sealing than primary cylinder. It works slower than primary cylinder.

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Everything you get with the system is free of charge. Environmentally neutral / safe system.
Excellent, almost essential, for coal-gas-oil plants, big combustion engines and hybrids ( power generators, ships, cars, etc )

Fully developed cooling & exhaust gas system raises engine's fuel efficiency to over 60%.
In principle you need two or three crank shafts, which rotates gear box shaft. Rotation speeds and power are not the same.

Could for example use hydraulic pump for transmitting compressor powers to primary shaft.

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If you want to know, why this thing is brand new, the reason is in so called German Geniuses ... Cyanide Cids.
Before loss earlier calculations, fuel efficiency was correctly said to be around 20%, and that it improves with rpm.
After this comes the conclusion, that over 90 % from these losses are heat losses, which are born in cooling. Exhaust gases share is marginal. 

- - Conductivities - -

Copper is the second best known heat conductor, silver is slightly better.
In metals heat and electric conductivity walks hand-in-hand. Silver and copper are also the best electric conductors. Gold falls behind these two in both.

The energy you need heating metals, is not connected to conductivities.  Uranium is the cheapest to heat. In volume oriented system gases are unbeatable.

Static electric charges could have a connection to the required heating energy. Static electric charges are only stated to exist. Values from the charges are missing.
Just like gases and liquids well known capability to conduct electricity. Known to exist, but the data is missing.

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In small peltier plate air cooler, you empower the cold side with warm side. Then you need a small tube, which leads the used hot air outdoors.

Double piston systems belong to licensed R&D stuff. Fee is modest 0.2%
When Donald and the stock market shakes, WTC strikers and others slashed everything, right before the return of DPS site, sugar oil and power solutions existed already.
When so, the slashers committed themselves for having and being capable of presenting at least matching replacements for the slashed essentials to our world.

Cool and bright media clown games ... with widespread insults and really good personal tremors ... are very far from the commitments, these teams and their associates have made.