5 cylinder star - base engine

On the right you see how five cylinder star engine works ignites. 5 cylinders seems to give steady push to the crank. It does not need flywheel. Quite obvious that old pre war plane engines used 5 cylinders.

In the picture red is ignition, yellow is fire. Filled box is compression. Lower turn point is in the opposite center, not in drawing.

Engine should run smoothly and quietly. Firing strokes overlaps a little. Leaving piston helps ignited piston over the small momentum area in the beginning. Engines vibrates a little around it's axis all the time. 

Diameter of the block in typical car copter is around 10 cm bigger than height of inline engine's block. Total diameter is dependent on the way you build valve system. Crank system saves weight quite a lot. Strength demand for curve almost same than for single curve in inline etc. engine. All pistons use the same steel and strength during firing stroke. Small addition comes from multiple push directions.

In star engine all pistons are attached to same crank curve. The rod system can never overlap like in common engine. Crank must always rotate like in picture. The piston system rotates the axle with asymmetric abstract circle. 

In four stroke star, every second topping cylinder ignites. It makes odd cylinder counts better for 4 stroke engine. Even number messes the sequence for second round. As you can see from the 6 cylinder star sample, below.

Since you must optimize height, inlet and outlet tubes are bit challenging. In principle you should have cylinder's volume waiting in straight inlet tube, behind the valve. Straight tube with uncompressed volume reduces turbulences, speeds up the filling. Outlet should begin with straight vacuum. In outlet straight part does not need as much volume as inlet. You check turbulences in wind tunnel. With wide side projection model you can see how the air goes in and comes out from cylinder. When gas moves without turbulences it does not move much in sideways. When so wide model is near the actual suck and push.

3 cylinder star

3 cylinder star in the picture. Push from previous stroke ends always 60 degrees before next ignition. Engine needs flywheel. In 5 cylinder engine angle between cylinders is 72. The overlap is 36 degrees.

In combustion engine, including star engine, crank system is nowadays proved to be almost lossless. Sooner or later force goes to crank axle. With or without momentum. The power loss is the pressure-temperature system you lead into exhaust pipe. Thermal losses which goes to block and head equals to the amount energy you use for cooling the engine. Including the cooling you get from the air.

Sugar oil reduced meaning of energy losses and fuel efficiency. Vapor creation in dry areas, like California USA, reverses idea from fuel efficiency. You waste fuel for getting rid of the drought. Impossible idea without sugar oil.

9 cylinder star

In 9 cylinder engine angle between is 40 degrees. Two to three cylinders powering the crank all the time. Gas suspension balances powers and pressures in cylinders.

Floating angles are a bit difficult in calculations. Floating angle does not prevent the construction. Float fits into tolerance of the used machines.

Next integer angle comes with 15 cylinders, angle is 24.

As you can see from the picture, 9 near maximum. Crank's roll diameter grows when you add cylinders. When you add cylinders, gas suspension system might cause some problems with outlet pressures. Crank rotates with fixed speed, gas pressure in cylinder follows crank speed. Cranks speed comes from accumulated pressure.

6 cylinder star engine

In the picture you see how six and even cylinder star engine works. Everything goes fine, until the 2nd round begins or ends. After first round is over you have to skip one quarter. At the end of 2nd round you ignite in two consequent quarters. 

In the picture red is ignition, yellow is fire.

In 4stroke engine, you should always odd numbered 5,3,9, 7, etc blocks.

Star engine can use pressure sensors and other goodies, just like all the other combustion engines.

Star engine has camshaft in block.
It does not prevent you from using wedged combustion chambers. You can build rod-switch system so that valves are tilted, and chamber is wedged. TC and DOCH  always refers to wedged chamber, when camshaft is in head, wedged chamber needs two shafts. Not very difficult to build a rod-switch system, which does not bend at high rpm. Or fall behind the valves. All you need is stronger rods, switches and springs. If you want to increase total size of inlet and outlet holes for valves, you need at least three valves. Such system needs switches. If your engine changes timing of the valves, you need something special for that, too.

Can you use star engine in car ?
It is not necessarily very handy in common car. Might want to use star engine in rear wheel driven space cars, vans and others, where the front or engine room should be short. Cars and 4 wheeled vehicles needs balance gear for curves. Engine which rotates in same direction than wheels, would need new balance gear. Could try engine in motor bike. Big over 2000 cc six cylinder engine would be as wide as two cylinder engine. Weight would be near quite a lot smaller inline 4. Powers, accelerations and top speeds would raise to a totally new levels. Weight center would raise. Star suits well to all horizontal rotations. 4 stroke star with 4 or more cylinders does not necessarily need fly wheel. One cylinder is working all the time. 4 cylinder star has a short break right before firing. In star engine compression and firing takes place in opposite cylinders. Compression eases the crank's load from firing.

What is oxygen sensor.
It's old official name is lambda sensor. According to books it is an electrochemical temperature sensor. It obviously compares outdoor temperature with temperature in exhaust pipe. Exhaust gases temperature-pressure system is dependent on the way fire goes. When so, the parabolic bump, the sensor draws, comes from that. Pressure sensors are simpler and more accurate than lambda.

The carbon dioxide layer is on the floor.
How else could grass and other low level plants get it. When I was in school, ozone atom donated the third extra atom right after it found a mate for it. Nothing was known about the vulnerable ozone layer, high above the ground. The key element for our life on earth was non-existing thing, then. Ozone's lust to get a mate, makes charging of electro-chemical battery dangerous. The claimed trip to upper atmosphere is very difficult. Ozone has to fight against gravity and avoid mating on it's way. The mating creates heat to our world.

Old CFC compunds cooled our world.
There is a limit our world can take from reckless, disgusting and lying jerks. Economies and nature have maximums for the anomalies they can take and neutralize.

The new spare part manufacturing tech makes restoration of old cars, planes and boats easy.
It is a retro tech. Right before oil crisis, US car makers made changes to their models looks and tech almost every year. Then there was cars where different fitting had different looks and parts. With traditional manufacturing tech, such needs enormous, costly spare part storages. If you built and sold around 20 000 Chevrolet Camaros with tri light fitting, you got to keep the tri-light spares in your storages at least ten years. With new tech you can build the tri-light spares, when customer needs.

New tech covers casts and pressed parts. Steel and plastic. Seat covers and others needs to be tailored. You can get cuts ... also colors to some ... but you must sew and fit the cuts. To for example starter you can get covers, axles, springs and others. But wiring of the anchor and wiring in general needs work.

Flexibility and variance are the things, the next generation computer, media player, will bring. Computer has many things, which supports the philosophy. In almost everywhere. Multimedia computer opened computers, programs and databases. Brought computers to home and common people.
With games and 3D games as primary attraction for purchase.
Idea, that your kids will need computer and skills to use computer, when they enter work life, was one thing behind the popularity. The number of jobs, where you need computer has grown an awful lot from the year 1990.

Copter car opens doors for the world, where people live and work also in space. Some day you use copter car like private vehicle for traveling in between earth and space. Easy and fast penetration methods through upper atmosphere and hot layer are very important for making this future scenario come true.